تاريخچه ماموريت هاي علمي اكتشافي گياهي: اهداف و فناوري ها

History of Plant Exploration Scientific Missions: Goals and Technologies

ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ در زﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﻓﻨﺎوري و ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻓﻀﺎﭘﯿﻤﺎﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ، راه را ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ دﻗﯿﻖﺗﺮ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ واﻗﻌﯽ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻫﻤﻮار ﻧﻤﻮد. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ رﺷﺪ، ﻧﻤﻮ و ﺗﮑﻮﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻓﻀﺎ از دﻫﮥ 1950 ﺗﻮﺳﻂ روسﻫﺎ و آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽﻫﺎ آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در دﻫﮥ 1970، اوﻟﯿﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺛﺮات ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﻣﺪت ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﮔﺮاوﯾﺘﯽ ﺑﺮ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻓﻀﺎﭘﯿﻤﺎي اﺳﮑﺎي ﻟﺐ اﯾﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ و اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﺎﻟﯿﻮت روﺳﯿﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪﺗﺎزﮔﯽ، ﻧﺎﺳﺎ زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ را ﺑﺮ روي اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﺑﺮداري ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻃﯿﻒ، ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻐﺬي ﻣﺪاري ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻞ و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ در ﺟﻌﺒﻪﻫﺎي وﯾﮋه- واﺣﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﭘﺘﺮيدﯾﺶ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻨﺎوريﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و ﭘﺮورش ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻓﻀﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﻫﺪف از ﻣﺄﻣﻮرﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ اﮐﺘﺸﺎﻓﯽ در ﺣﻮزه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ: 1- ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي داﻧﺶ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و 2- ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺸﺘﯿﺒﺎن ﺣﯿﺎت ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن اﺳﺖ.

Recent advances in technology and the construction of new spacecraft have paved the way for a more detailed study of plants under real space conditions. The study of the growth and development of plants in space began in the 1950s by the Russians and the Americans. In the 1970s, the first plant experiments on the long-term effects of microgravity on plants were conducted on the US Skylab spacecraft and the Russian Salyut space station. NASA recently installed Advanced Plant Habitat on the International Space Station. Multi-spectral Fluorescence Imager, Passive Orbital Nutrient Delivery Systems, and Biological Research in Canisters/ Petri Dish Fixation Unit are among NASA's new technologies for plant studies and plant breeding in space. Therefore, the aims of scientific space exploration missions in the field of plant science are: 1. basic research to expand the frontiers of knowledge in plant biology and 2. To develop a sustainable life support system based on plants.