تحليل فقهي مشروعيت كسب درآمد از انجام فعل واجب

Jurisprudential analysis of the legitimacy of earning money from performing an obligatory act

كسب درآمد ازطريق انجام واجبات، از موضوعاتي است كه بطور پراكنده در سخنان فقها وجود داشته و در اين زمينه ديدگاه‌هاي متفاوتي ابراز شده است. هرچند تمركز اصلي بر عقد اجاره بوده، اما اختصاصي به آن نداشته و اين پديده را مي‌توان در ساير عقود معاوضي لحاظ كرد. چگونگي تبيين ارتباط ميان امر واجب كه تكليفي الهي است با كسب درآمد كه اقدامي اقتصادي است، چالشي جدي است. اين مقاله ضمن طرح موضوع و اشارۀ فشرده به اقوال، به واكاوي ادلّه پرداخته و مي‌كوشد تا مشروعيت آن را تبيين كند. در اين راستا مستندات و آراء فقيهاني كه به تنافي ذاتي ميان وجوب و كسب درآمد قائلند، مورد نقد قرار گرفته و نيز ادلۀ كساني كه ميان اقسام واجب تفصيل مي‌دهند بررسي مي‌شود. در ادامه به موضوع اخذ اجرت براي انجام عمل عبادي شخص اجير اشاره و در پايان ابعاد ثبوتي و اثباتي مشروعيت عمل عبادي نيابتي مورد بحث قرار مي‌گيرد.

Getting income through performing obligatory religious duty (Farḍ or farīḍah) is one of the issues that has been taken into consideration by jurists for a long time and about which different views have been expressed. Although the main focus was on the lease contract, it does not seem to be specific to it, and it can be taken into account in other barter contracts. In any case, how to make clear the relationship between what is obligatory, which is a religious duty (Farḍ), and earning, as an economic action, is a serious challenge. Presenting the subject with intensive reference to jurisprudential opinions, this article analyzes the arguments and tries to explain its jurisprudential legitimacy. In this regard, the opinions of jurists who believe in the inherent contradiction between obligation and earning income is concerned critically, and the arguments of those who expand the types of Farḍ is examined. Next, the issue of receiving remuneration for performing the act of worship of a hired is discussed, and finally, the factual and evidential dimensions of the legitimacy of the act of proxy (Niyabah) worship are debated.