كليدواژه :
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر رواﯾﺖ , رواﯾﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ , ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ - ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن , ﻧﻘﺶ ﮔﺰار , اﻟﮕﻮي ﮔﺮه ﻣﺎس , ﺣﺪﯾﺚ ﻣﺤﻨﺖ اﯾﻮب , ﮐﺘﺎب اﯾﻮب
چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷﺖ اﯾﻮبِ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﯾﮑﯽ از رواﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻗﺮآن ﮐﺮﯾﻢ و ﻋﻬﺪ ﻋﺘﯿﻖ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ دو ﮐﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ دو ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه. ﮔﺰارش ﻗﺮآن از ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷﺖ اﯾﻮب، ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﮔﺰارش ﻋﻬﺪ ﻋﺘﯿﻖ، ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻮﺟﺰ و اﺷﺎره وار اﺳﺖ؛ اﻣّ ﺎ اﯾﻦ داﺳﺘﺎن در ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﮐﻬﻦ ﻗﺮآن در زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﺑﺎزﮔﻮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. رواﯾﺖ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻋﺘﯿﻖ و رواﯾﺖ ﻣﻔ ّﺴﺮان ﻗﺮآن، ﺑﻪرﻏﻢ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ و ﻓﺮﻣﯽ، از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﭘﯽ رﻧﮓ ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎﯾﯽ دارﻧﺪ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻟﮕﻮي رواﯾﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﮥ آﻟﮕﯿﺮداس ژوﻟﯿﻦ ﮔﺮهﻣﺎس و ﻧﻈﺮﯾّﮥ او درﺑﺎرۀ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ-ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽِ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن، ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر رواﯾﺖ اﯾﻮب در ﻋﻬﺪ ﻋﺘﯿﻖ )ﮐﺘﺎب اﯾﻮب( و ﯾﮑﯽ از رواﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷﺖ او، ﯾﻌﻨﯽ »ﺣﺪﯾﺚ ﻣﺤﻨﺖ اﯾﻮب« در ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﮐﻬﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻗﺼﺺ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﺛﺮ اﺑﻮﺑﮑﺮ ﻋﺘﯿﻖ ﻧﯿﺸﺎﺑﻮري ﺳﻮرآﺑﺎدي( ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، ﻧﺨﺴﺖ اﻟﮕﻮي ﻧﻘﺶﮔﺰاري، زﻧﺠﯿﺮۀ رواﯾﺖ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﭘﯽرﻧﮓ در ﻧﻈﺮﯾّﮥ ﮔﺮه ﻣﺎس ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺷﺮح داده ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﺳﭙﺲ، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس آنﻫﺎ، روﯾﺪادﻫﺎ، ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖﻫﺎ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر رواﯾﺖ اﯾﻮب در دو ﮔﺰارش ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯽ رﻧﮓ رواﯾﺖ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻣﻘﺪّ س از ﻧﻮع ﻗﺮاردادي و ﭘﯽ رﻧﮓ رواﯾﺖ ﻋﺘﯿﻖ ﻧﯿﺸﺎﺑﻮري از ﻧﻮع اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ. در ﻫﺮ دو رواﯾﺖ، ﯾﻬﻮه/ﺧﺪا ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪه را ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه دارد؛ اﻣّ ﺎ ﺑﺎرزﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت اﯾﻦ دو رواﯾﺖ، ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ ﺷﯿﻄﺎن/اﺑﻠﯿﺲ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﮐﺘﺎب اﯾﻮب ﻧﻘﺶ ﮔﺰار ﻧﯿﺴﺖ، وﻟﯽ در رواﯾﺖ ﻋﺘﯿﻖ ﻧﯿﺸﺎﺑﻮري ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﮐﻨﺶ را اﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در اﯾﻦ دو رواﯾﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻧﺴﺒﺖ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. واﮐﺎوي ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ-ﻣﻌﻨﺎﭘﺮدازي در ﺗﺤ ّﻮل ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر رواﯾﺖﻫﺎ و ﻓﻌﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺆﺛّﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ در رواﯾﺖ ﻋﺘﯿﻖ ﻧﯿﺸﺎﺑﻮري ﻧﻈﺎم ﮐﻨﺸﯽ-ﺗﻨﺸﯽ و در رواﯾﺖ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻣﻘﺪّ س ﻧﻈﺎم ُﺑ ﻮِ ﺷﯽ-ﺗﻨﺸﯽ، ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻏﺎﻟﺐ را در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
The story of Job the prophet is one of the narratives included in both The Quran and The Old Testament but narrated differently in each of them. Despite similarities in form and content, the narrative in The Old Testament and the narratives by interpreters of The Quran differ in terms of plot structure. Adopting Algirdas Greimas’s narratological model as well as his semiotics of discourse and using descriptive-analytical method, the present study conducts a comparative analysis of narrative structure in The Book of Job from The Old Testament and one of the Islamic narratives of the same story, namely “The Tale of Job’s Misery” from the ancient Persian text Stories of the Quran by Aboubakr Atiq Nishaburi (Surabadi). To this aim, first, the actantial model, narrative chains, and plot structure are concisely explained according to Greimas’s theory; then, the events, characters, and narrative structure are analyzed and compared in the two selected narratives of Job’s story. Finally, this study concludes that the plot of The Book of Job is contractual, whereas that of “The Tale of Job’s Misery” is performative. Moreover, in both texts, Yahweh/God is the sender, but the most striking difference is the devil/Satan, who is not an actant in The Book of Job, while he is the opponent and the performing subject in the Islamic narrative. Besides, in these two narratives, the function of the disrupter of the pattern is attributed to different characters. The analysis of the process of semiosis, the evolution of narrative structure, and the role of modal verbs shows that in the Islamic narrative the active-tensive system and in The Book of Job the existential-tensive system form the dominant discourse in the creation of meaning.
