نوع و كاركرد راوي در روايت‌هاي داستان «رستم و سهراب»

The Type and the Function of the Narrator in the Narrative of the Story of Rostam and Sohrab

داﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺣﻤﺎﺳﯽ و ﭘﻬﻠﻮاﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﯿﻮه ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﻃﻮﻣﺎرﻫﺎي ﻧّﻘﺎﻟﯽ و رواﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ و ﻣﺮدﻣﯽ، ﻣﺤﻤﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎزآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ اﯾﻦ داﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﺼﻨّﻒ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ، ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن و ﻧّﻘﺎﻻن ﻃﻮﻣﺎرﻫﺎ و رواﯾﺘﮕﺮاﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ را ﺳﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﻨﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ، ﻫﺮﯾﮏ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ اﻫﺪاف و ﻧﮕﺮۀ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎزﮔﻮﮐﺮدن داﺳﺘﺎن، راوي و زاوﯾﮥ دﯾﺪ ﺧﺎﺻّ ﯽ را ﺑﺮﻣﯽ ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻨﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻧﻮع و ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد راوي و زاوﯾﮥ دﯾﺪ را در رواﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي داﺳﺘﺎن »رﺳﺘﻢ و ﺳﻬﺮاب« ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﺮده اﯾﻢ. ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ راوﯾﺎنِ رواﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ داﺳﺘﺎن، ﻫﺮﯾﮏ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﭼﻪ دﯾﺪﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ از داﺳﺘﺎن را ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ اﺻﻞ داﺳﺘﺎن، آن را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺷﯽ دﯾﮕﺮﮔﻮن ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ؟ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﮥ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﻧﮕﺎه راوﯾﺎن رواﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ داﺳﺘﺎن رﺳﺘﻢ و ﺳﻬﺮاب، ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﺑﺎوري اﺳﺖ. راوي ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ذﮐﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﯿّﺎت ﯾﮏ واﻗﻌﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻣﮑﺚ و ﺗﺄﻣّ ﻞ ﯾﺎ ﮐﻠّﯽ ﻧﮕﺮي و ﺣﺬف، ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎنِ ﺧﺎ ّص و ﻣﻮردِ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮد را رﻗﻢ ﻣﯽ زﻧﺪ. راوي ﻃﻮﻣﺎر، راوي ﻣﺪاﺧﻠﻪ ﮔﺮ اﺳﺖ؛ ﻣﺪام در ﭘﯽ اﻓﺸﺎ، ﻗﻀﺎوت و ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺬﯾﺮش و ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﯿّﺖ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮِ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن، او را ﺑﺎورﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ دﯾﻦ و ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻣﻌ ّﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. در ﻃﻮﻣﺎرﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﮑﺎن اﺟﺮا و ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎن ﻧّﻘﺎﻟﯽ، ﮐﻨﺶِ »ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ« ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﭘﺴﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺘﺪاول زﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﮕﺎه راوي ﺑﻪ زن در ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ رواﯾﺖ ﻃﻮﻣﺎرﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ. راوﯾﺎن درﺑﺎرۀ ﻧﺒﺮد ﮔﺮدآﻓﺮﯾﺪ و ﺳﻬﺮاب، در ﺗﻤﺎم رواﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻧﮕﺎه دارﻧﺪ و آن ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﺒﮥ ﻧﯿﺮﻧﮓ ﮔﺮدآﻓﺮﯾﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﮥ ﺟﻨﮕﺎوري اوﺳﺖ.

The epic and heroic narrations are reformed in various ways. The narration scrolls and vulgar and folk narratives are a means of recreating these stories. The author of Shahnameh, writers, scroll narrators and the narrators who narrate stories for generation, each choose a narrator and a particular point of view in accordance with their goals and attitudes to tell the story. In this research, we have analyzed the form and function of the narrator and the point of view in Rostam and Sohrab narratives. The question of this research is that how and in what point of view each narrator of this story emphasizes on some parts of the story or narrates it in a different way or with a different view rather than the original version? The result of the research indicates that the point of view of different narrators in Rostam and Sohrab narratives, is based on Fatalism. The narrator of Shahnameh, by mentioning the details of an event with pause and hesitation or generalization or omission, forms his own specific and intended discourse. The narrator of the scroll is an intervening narrator; he is constantly on the verge of revelation, judgment and interpretation and for the sake of the hero’s acceptance and admissibility as much as possible, he introduces him as a believer in religion. In the scrolls, due to the venue and the narrator's audience, the “character’s” action is based on society’s approbation and the common culture of the time. The narrator’s view of the woman in Shahnameh is different from that of the scrolls. The narrators have the same view about the battle of Gordafarid and Sohrab in every narrative and that is based on the prevalence of Gordafaris’s trick over her warfare skills.