بررسي تطبيقي مَثَل هاي مربوط به حيوانات در كردي كنگاوري و فارسي از منظر معني شناسي شناختي

A Comparative Study of Kangavari Kurdish and Persian Animal Proverbs from Cognitive Semantic Approach

ﻣَﺜَﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﺨﺸـﯽ از زﻧﺠﯿﺮهﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺘﯽ اﺳـﺘﻌﺎري دارﻧﺪ و ﻻزم اﺳـﺖ ﺑﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﻧﻈﺎم ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ اﻧﺴـﺎن ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ 41ﻣَﺜَـﻞ ﮐﺮدي ﮐﺮﻣـﺎﻧﺸـــﺎﻫﯽ )ﮔﻮﻧـﮥ ﮐﻨﮕـﺎوري( ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ـﺑﻪ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت و ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺎرﺳـﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﺷـﯿﻮة ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ ﮔﺮدآوري ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ از آن ﻣﯿﺎن 7 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪه ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﺑﻪدﺳـــﺖآﻣﺪه ﺑﺮ اﺳـــﺎس ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰمﻫﺎي ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ اﺳــﺘﻌﺎره و ﻣﺠﺎز در ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب اﻧﮕﺎرة »اﺳــﺘﻌﺎرة زﻧﺠﯿﺮة ﺑﺰرگ« )ﻟﯿﮑﺎف و ﺗﺮﻧﺮ، 1989( و اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺸـﻨﻬﺎدي )ﻣﻨﺪوزا و دﯾﺎز، 2002( درﺧﺼﻮص ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﺠﺎز و اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨـﺪ و ـﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻨـﺎﻇﺮﻫـﺎي ﻓـﺎرﺳـــﯽ ﻣﺴـــﺘﺨﺮج از ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ اﻣﺜـﺎل و ﺣﮑﻢ دﻫﺨﺪا )1374( ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪ ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﻣَﺜَﻞﻫﺎي ﮐﺮدي، اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﯿﻮانﻧﺎمﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ زﯾﺴـﺖﺑﻮم ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﭘﯿﺸــﮥ اﺻــﻠﯽ ﺳــﺎﮐﻨﺎن ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸــﺎورزي و دامﭘﺮوري اﺳــﺖ، ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺎرﺳـﯽ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮﺟﺴـﺘﻪﺗﺮ و ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در ﻣَﺜَﻞﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﯿﻮان ﻧﻘﺶ اﺻـﻠﯽ را اﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ، از اﺳـﺘﻌﺎرة ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ »اﻧﺴـﺎن ﺣﯿﻮان اﺳـﺖ« ﺑﺮاي درك وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي اﻧﺴـﺎﻧﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺻـﻔﺎت ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﯽ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷــﻮد. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳــﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن ﮔﻮﯾﺸﻮران دو زﺑﺎن در ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣَﺜَﻞﻫﺎ، از ﺳﺎز و ﮐﺎر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﯾﮑﺴـﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮاي درك ﻣَﺜَﻞﻫﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷـﻮد و اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪي اﺳـﺖ ﺑﺮ وﺟﻮد »ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽﻫﺎ«ي زﺑﺎن.

Proverbs are among linguistic chains that are metaphoric in nature which should be studied cognitively. In this research, 41 Kermanshahi Kurdish (Kangavari variant) proverbs containing animal names were collected in a field study. They were then compared with their modern Persian counterparts extracted from Dehkhoda’s (1995) Amsal va Hekam and analyzed based on Lakoff and Turner’s (1989) Great Chain Metaphor model and Mendoza and Diéz (2002) conceptual interactional patterns between metaphor and metonymy framework. According to the findings, Kurdish proverbs make use of animal names more than Persian counterparts because of the geographic conditions, Kurds lifestyle, and their general profession that is farming. According to Great Chain Metaphor model, when animals play the main role in proverbs, the conceptual metaphor “PEOPLE ARE ANIMAL” is applied to conceive human behaviors by animal traits. As to the findings, although there are cultural differences between language speakers in creating proverbs, the same cognitive mechanisms are used in proverb perceptions and this confirms the linguistic universalities among all languages.