نقد و بررسي معيارهاي زيبايي‌شناسانه در قصيده «لا وقت للبكاء» أمل دنقل

A Critical Review of the Aesthetic Criteria in the Ode “la vaghta lelboqa” by Amal Donqol

ﺷﺎﻋﺮان ﻧﻮﭘﺮداز، ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺷﻌﺮي ﺧﻮد را در ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯽ و ﺑﺎ ﯾﺎري ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ از ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﻼﻏﯽ ﺑـﺎزﮔﻮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﮐﻪ ﺑـﺪون ﮐـﺎرﮐﺮد ﺷـﮕﺮدﻫﺎ و ﻫﻨﺮﺳـﺎزهﻫﺎي ادﺑـﯽ ﻣﻌـﺎﻧﯽ ﺷـﻌﺮي آﻧـﺎن ﺧـﺎم و ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﻗـﺪرت اﻟﻘﺎﮔﺮي اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻼﻏﯽ در ﺷﻌﺮ ﻧﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﯿـﺖ ﺷـﻌﺮ از ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺻـﻨﺎﯾﻊ و آراﯾـﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﻼﺳـﯿﮏ ﻋﺒـﻮر ﮐﺮده و ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮر وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎ و ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﺪ ادﺑﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫـﺎﯾﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺎ زﺑـﺎن ادﺑـﯽ در ﺗﻌﺎﻣـﻞ اﺳــﺖ ﭘﯿﻮﻧـﺪ ﺧــﻮرده و در ﻗﺼـﯿﺪهﻫﺎي ﺷــﻌﺮي ﺷـﺎﻋﺮان ﺑﺎزﺗــﺎب داﺷـﺘﻪ اﺳــﺖ. در ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ ﺑــﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ زﯾﺒﺎﯾﯽﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در ﻗﺼﯿﺪه »ﻻ وﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﮑﺎء« أﻣﻞ دﻧﻘﻞ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ. ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎ و ﺷﮕﺮدﻫﺎي ﺑﻼﻏﯽ در ﻗﺼﯿﺪه ﻣـﺬﮐﻮر در ﺳـﻪ ﺳـﻄﺢ آواﯾـﯽ، ﻣﻌﻨـﺎﯾﯽ و واژﮔـﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻤـﻮد ﯾﺎﻓﺘـﻪ و در ﻓـﺮم و ﻣﻀﻤﻮن ﻗﺼﯿﺪه داراي ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﻫﺎي ﻫﻨﺮي و ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻼﻏﯽ در ﻣﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﺮ دﻧﻘﻞ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ وﻇﯿﻔـﻪ آراﯾـﺶ ﮐﻼم را ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه ﻧﺪارد، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻫﻢﭘﺎي ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻮد در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ زﯾﺒﺎﯾﯽآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ، داراي دﻻﻟﺖﻫـﺎي ﻣﻌﻨـﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮا و ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺼﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ و در ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺮي ﺷﺎﻋﺮ و ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﺷـﺎﻋﺮاﻧﻪ از اﻧﺪﯾﺸـﻪﻫﺎ و ﻋﻮاﻃـﻒ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ وي ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ دارد.

Modern poets express many of their poetic concepts in expressive formats and use rhetorical criteria, in such a way that without using literary Devices, their poetic meanings are crude and lack inductive power. Rhetorical elements in modern poetry, due to the nature of poetry, have passed the stage of classical rhetoric devices and arrays, and have been linked to the features and elements of contemporary literary criticism in the form of a set of criteria that interact with literary language and reflect in poets' works. This paper attempts to probe the Aesthetic Criteria in the Ode La vaghta lelboqa (there is no time for crying) by Amal Donqol using the descriptive-analytic method. Criteria and rhetorical techniques in this poem are expressed in three levels: phonetic, semantic, and lexical, and in the form and content of the poem, it has artistic and semantic functions. Rhetorical elements in the text of Danqal’s poem are not only responsible for the arrangement of words and creating beauty, but also, they have semantic meanings appropriate to the content and semantic structures of the poem. They, Moreover, play an essential role in depicting the poetic experience and interpretation of his thoughts and emotions.