عينيت و بينونت وحدت و كثرت در نظام توحيدي ملاصدرا با ابتناء بر قاعدۀ بسيط‌الحقيقه

Identity and Difference of Unity and Multiplicity in Ṣadra’s Monotheistic Order According to the Rule of Simple Truth

ملاصدرا در مباحث توحيد با ارائهٔ برهاني مبتني بر قاعدهٔ بسيط الحقيقه، حق تعاليٰ را متصف به بساطت حقيقي مي كند. اين برهان ظاهراً در امتداد برهان نفيِ تركيب از ذات و در عرض ساير براهينِ توحيد است، اما در واقع هدف از آن ارائهٔ نظام توحيديِ متمايز از همهٔ مكاتب فلسفي ازنظرِ نسبت وحدت و كثرت در مرتبهٔ ذات و نيز دون ذات حق است. هدف از اين مقاله، تبيين معيتِ ذاتِ واحدِ حق با كثرت خلقي و نحؤه جمع آن با تعاليِ او بر مبناي اين قاعده است. به اين منظور، جايگاه برهان بسيط الحقيقه در براهين توحيد تبيين مي شود؛ زيرا مقدمۀ ضروري تبيين توحيد است. بررسي بساطت حق يا تصالحِ كثرتِ نامتناهي با وحدت در مرتبهٔ ذات و نيز توحيد صفاتي در فلسفهٔ ملاصدرا كه تتميمِ معناي بساطت است، از موضوعات اين پژوهش است و درنهايت، نحؤه معيتِ ويژٔه مترتب بر بساطت حق ارائه مي شود. اين معيت مي تواند شائبهٔ تكثر ذاتي و نيز نقض تعاليِ او را داشته باشد. حاصل پژوهش اين است كه ملاصدرا بر مبناي بساطت حقيقي يا كل الأشياءبودنِ حق تعاليٰ ، قرابتي بين حق و خلق برقرار مي كند كه مستلزم تعاليِ او نيز است.

In his discussion of God’s oneness, Mullā Ṣadrā, by presenting an argument based on the rule of Simple Truth (baṣīṭ al-ḥaqīqa), attributes the true simplicity to God. This argument seems to be in line with the argument of negating the combination of Essence and besides other arguments for God’s oneness, but in fact its purpose is to present a monotheistic system distinct from all philosophical schools in terms of the relation between the unity and multiplicity at the level of Essence and levels lower than Essence. The purpose of this article is to explain the co-existence of God’s unity with the multiplicity of creatures and to explain how it can be reconciled with His transcendence based on this rule. For this purpose, the position of the argument of Simple Truth in the arguments of God’s unity is explained because it is one of the necessary premises of the explanation of God’s oneness. The study of the simplicity of God or the reconciliation of infinite multiplicity with unity at the level of Essence and also the unity of the Divine attributes in Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophy, which completes the meaning of simplicity, is among the issues discussed in this research. Finally, the special co-existence resulted by the simplicity of God is explained. This co-existence can seemingly lead to multiplicity in Essence as well as the violation of His transcendence. However, the result of the research is that Ṣadrā, on the basis of true simplicity of God or the fact that He is the totality of all things, establishes such a relationship between God and creatures that does entail His transcendence.