كليدواژه :
معماري ايران , تاريخ معماري ايران , تاريخ‌نگاري مدرن ايران , تاريخ‌نگاري معماري
چكيده فارسي :
تاريخ‌نگاري مدرن ايران در ميانه‌هاي دورۀ قاجار، از عوامل تعيين‌كننده در زمينه‌‌سازي براي ظهور تاريخ‌نگاري معماري ايران است. در اين مقاله به اين پرسش پاسخ گفته‌ايم كه در پيگيري ريشه‌هاي تاريخ‌نگاري معماري ايران، تاريخ‌نگاري نيمۀ دوم دورۀ قاجار، به‌مثابۀ دورۀ آغازين تاريخ‌نگاري مدرن ايران، چه جايگاهي داشته است؟ روش تحقيق تفسيري-تاريخي است و در آن به بررسي نمونه‌هايي از نخستين تاريخ‌نامه‌هاي مدرن ايران در اين دوره پرداخته‌ايم و كوشيده‌ايم نقش آنها را در تحول رويكرد به معماري در آثار پژوهشي آشكار كنيم. اين بررسي نشان مي‌دهد از جمله پيامدهاي نگاه مدرن در تاريخ‌نگاري ايران، پيدا شدن مفهوم «ايران باستان» بود و همچنين استفاده از اسناد معتبر اهميت پيدا كرد. در نتيجه معماري ايران نخست به‌مثابۀ نوعي شاهد كالبدي در كنار ديگر شواهد باستان‌شناختي به تاريخ‌نامه‌هاي عمومي راه يافت. مورخان در اين مرحله بر نقوش و كتيبه‌ها تمركز داشتند و كليت آثار معماري موضوع توجه آنها نبود. دسترسي به منابع بيشتر و آشنايي مورخان با حوزه‌هاي مختلف پژوهش تاريخي در غرب، به‌تدريج معماري را به موضوعي تخصصي در تاريخ عمومي تبديل كرد و دريافتي از آن در تاريخ‌نامه‌ها ظاهر شد كه به معماري همچون كلي منسجم نظر داشت. به‌كارگيري زبان معمارانه در پرداختن به بناها و توصيف ويژگي‌هاي كالبدي و فضايي ابنيه از نشانه‌هاي تخصصي‌‌شدن رويكرد به معماري در اين آثار است. در نهايت با شكل‌گيري نهادهاي متولي آثار تاريخي در ايران و گسترش توجه به معماري در ميان پژوهشگران ايراني و غربي، به‌تدريج تك‌نگاري‌ها و آثار پراكنده‌اي دربارۀ معماري منتشر شد كه از نخستين نشانه‌هاي تبديل تاريخ معماري ايران به حوزه‌اي مستقل در تحقيق بود.
چكيده لاتين :
The Historiography of Iranian architecture is deemed to appear as a field of inquiry around the beginning of the 20th century. Among the various factors giving rise to it, the modern Iranian historiography has an outstanding role. In this article we seek to clarify this role by analyzing the way the first generation of the modern Iranian historians regarded architecture. To this end, we have investigated a selection of modern histories, written during the second half the Qajar era, using the interpretative methods. We have traced the changes in the perception of architecture in these texts and its implications for the subject, as it gradually undertook different roles in historiographies, moving from a mere material evidence towards a technical, independent field of academic research.
In pre-Modern histories, built environment was only addressed to provide a setting for the events the historians intended to describe and writing about architecture was a way to appraise the achievement of kings and rulers. This study pinpoints the first instances where this tradition gave way to a new manner of regarding architecture in Iranian historiography. With the outset of modern historiography “Ancient Persia” emerged as a dominant narrative. The historians also started to gradually base their work on reliable facts and evidence, which included material remnants of ancient times such as coins and decorative objects, and later on, more prominent archaeological findings like buildings. Ancient architecture had become a source for obtaining knowledge of the past, although the scale it was perceived didn’t surpass the inscriptions or ornaments of the structures. As the scope of the general histories expanded to cover a wide range of historical subjects complementary to political chronologies, freestanding chapters were allocated to architecture. The historians consulted the western architectural surveys and even ventured the historical sites to study and measure the buildings. The architectural works in their writings were represented in their entirety and they utilized an almost technical terminology to describe the physical and spatial aspects of the buildings. Illustrations and detailed plans were also used to provide further information. This approach presented architecture to the Persian audience as a subject of historical inquiry and thus, paved the way for a new generation of researchers to view history of architecture as an independent field of study. The first pieces on history of Iranian architecture, independent from general histories, were articles written by art historians or archaeologist, working as delegates for western research centers, and were introduced to Iranians through the activities of newly-founded cultural institutes such as Anjoman-e-Athar-e-Melli. The accumulation of these efforts during the next decades finally lead to the publication of the first surveys of Iranian architecture.
