كليدواژه :
شهر ايراني , پيشا مدرن , ساختار , ساختار اصلي , تهران قاجار
چكيده فارسي :
ساختار واژه‌اي پيچيده است كه با معاني مختلفي به كار مي‌رود. در اين مقاله تلاش شده با بررسي ريشه شناختي و تاريخ تحول مفهوم ساختار، معاني و كاربردهاي آن در حوزه مطالعات شهري شناسايي و بر اساس آن در چگونگي شناسايي ساختار شهر ايراني در پيش از دوره مدرن بحث شده و نمونه اي از كاربرد آن در شناسايي ساختار اصلي شهر تهران در درون حصار طهماسبي نشان داده شود.
اين بررسي نشان مي‌دهد كه در معماري و شهرسازي زيست همزمان ساختار با معاني مختلف، سبب چندگانگي مفهوم آن شده است؛ هرچند معماران و شهرسازان مدرن آن را چنان به كار ميبرند كه به نظر مي رسد دلالت بر چيزي ميكند. چنين چيزي در مطالعات مربوط به ساختار كالبدي ـ فضايي و به ويژه در قالب مفهوم ساختار اصلي شهر در ساليان گذشته مورد نظر بوده و هست. چنين ساختاري نه تنها در شهر معاصر بلكه در شهرهاي پيش از دوران مدرن ايران نيز جستجو شده است. شناسايي چنين ساختاري با استفاده از تحليل ساختار فضايي كه تركيبي از رويكردهاي گونه شناسانه، ريخت شناسانه و معناشناسانه است و مفاهيم مختلف ساختار را(چنان كه در حوزه هاي مختلف مطرح شده) در خود مي گنجاند ميتواند بخش اصلي شهر را معين سازد كه شالوده نمادين و بخش پايدار آن را تشكيل داده و بخش هاي ديگر شهر از آن تبعيت مي كنند و به اين ترتيب شكل شهر را مشخص كند. چنين رويكردي نشان مي‌دهد كه صورت ثابت ساختار اصلي شهر ايراني ـ اسلامي(چنان كه در مطالعات پيشين مطرح شده)، واقعيت ساختار شهر ايراني را در همه دوره‌ها و به ويژه دوره‌هاي متأخر(صفويه و قاجاريه) نشان نمي‌‌دهد.
ضمناً در تركيب تحليل فضايي با ساختار معنايي مي‌توان ساختارهاي ديگري را در شهر ايراني قبل از دوره مدرن جستجو كرد كه متمايز از ساختار اصلي آن است.
چكيده لاتين :
Structure is a complex concept with different
meanings. In this paper, I've tried, by tracing the
origins of the word and history of its changes, to show
its meanings and uses in urban studies. On this basis,
I'll discuss how by adopting different approaches
based upon different concepts of structure one can
try to recognize the basic structure of the Iranian premodern
cities and as a case I’ll employ it to determine
the basic structure of Tehran within its wall, built by
Shah Tahmasp of Safavid kings, in Qajarid period (until
mid nineteenth century).
This study shows that coexistence of different
concepts of the structure has resulted in different
meanings for it; although it has been used by modern
architects and urban planners as if being a thing.
Being as a thing is what is assumed in studies on basic
structure of the cities. Recognizing main structure
with a spatial analysis which is a combination of
typological, morphological and symbolic meaning
analysis can define the essential part of the spatial
form which constitutes its symbolic and durable part
and other parts of the city follow its spatial form.
Thus, the essential part structures the form of the city.
This study shows that an unchangeable form for basic
structure of Iranian cities can not reveal the reality of
urban spatial structure of Iranian cities in different
periods and especially in later -Safavid and Qajarid -
periods. So, studies that have determined the urban
spatial structure of Iranian cites as a rigid form during
its history of Islamic period (for example model
proposed by Gaube) can’t be generalized to all Iranian
cities in their whole Islamic times. This is especially
true for cities that evolved during early modern times,
from Safavid period on. Rapid expansion of some
cities in this era, for example the case of Tehran in
Qajarid Period, made their main structure subject to
rapid and sometimes broad changes. Analysis of
urban spatial structure of Tehran, from the time it was
chosen as capital of Qajar dynasty to demolition of its
Safavid walls in mid 19th century shows this state of
changing conditions. By employing typological,
morphological and signification analysis; it has been
concluded that the basic structure of Tehran in this
period, not only included paths and places which were
along the main axis leading from gates to city
center(as described by Gaube or other scholars in
their studies of basic structure of Iranian cites), but
also included paths and places in other parts of the
city which were in the course of rapid construction
especially along the water canals(qanats).Thus, the
findings also shows that main structure of the city was
in accordance with the hydrographic and tectonic
structure of the city.
By combination of urban spatial structure analysis
with search for structures which were meaningful for
people, other structures can be defined in premodern
Iranian cities, especially a secondary spatial
structure in Qajarid period which was formed on the
basis of people’s cultural, social and everyday life.
