پديد آورندگان :
پورجعفر، محمدرضا دانشگاه تربيت مدرس - دانشكده هنر و معماري، تهران، ايران , مولايي، اصغر دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز، تبريز، ايران , پورجعفر، علي دانشگاه تربيت مدرس - دانشكده هنر و معماري، تهران، ايران
كليدواژه :
بازار تبريز , ويژگي‌هاي مكتب تبريز , هويت , حس تعلق , سنت طراحي شهري
چكيده فارسي :
شهر تبريز از تاريخ غني برخوردار است كه متأثر از تحولات خوشايند و ناخوشايند اجتماعي، اقتصادي، فرهنگي و طبيعي مي‌باشد. بافت قديم تبريز همچون بافت برخي ديگر از شهرهاي ايران، حاصل تاريخي پر فراز و نشيب و ميراثي گران‌بها و ارزشمند در زمينه طراحي شهري مي‌باشد. مجموعه‌هاي شهري عظيم و بكر همچون بازارها در ايران، طي فرآيندي تاريخي از اندوخته‌هاي فكري فرهنگي و معنوي تبلور يافته و بديهي است كه به يكباره از نمونه‌هاي بيگانه ديگري الگوبرداري نشده است. بازسازي و رونق شهر تبريز پس از زلزله‌هاي ويران‌كننده و ديگر تحولات، اشاره‌اي به وجود اصول و مباني مكتبي از پيش شكل گرفته دارد. بازار تبريز كه به ثبت جهاني رسيده، به طور مسلم از نظر كالبدي- فضايي و اجتماعي يكي از اركان هويتي اين شهر است. مسئله مورد نظر بي‌توجهي به اين ميراث ارزشمند و عدم آشنايي با ويژگي‌هاي اصول و مباني مكتب مذكور و هدف اصلي استنتاج مباني طراحي شهري از فرهنگ و سنن تبريزيان و تجليات كالبدي موجود آن، به عنوان مكتبي از مكاتب طراحي شهري ايران‌زمين با ويژگي‌هاي خاص سنت طراحي شهري خود است. آموختن از اين مجموعه و بازشناسي ابعاد پنهان موجود در آن، مي‌تواند به ارتقاي كيفيت شهرهاي هم فرهنگ منطقه و توسعه فضاهاي شهري كمك شاياني نمايد. در اين مقاله با روشي توصيفي تحليلي موضوع از طريق تحليل، محتواي متون و اسناد موجود و مشاهدات ميداني مورد مطالعه و بازشناسي قرار گرفته است. نتايج پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد بازار تبريز برخلاف بازارهاي تهران، اصفهان، كاشان كه ساختاري خطي با انشعابات كمتر مي‌باشند، به صورت شبكه‌اي متشكل از راسته‌ها، دالان‌ها، گره‌ها، تيم‌ها، تيمچه‌ها، سراها، مساجد و با انشعابات فراوان به عنوان سيستمي كارآمد در ابعاد اقتصادي، اجتماعي- فرهنگي، اقليمي و با تنوع بالاي فعاليتي، با نظمي پيچيده به حيات خود ادامه مي‌دهد. در نهايت مي‌توان چنين نتيجه‌گيري نمود كه سنت طراحي شهري تبريز مكتبي است منحصر به فرد، داراي فضاهاي شهري دلنشين، رنگ و لعاب گرم و شاد، بافت هماهنگ و دانه‌بندي نرم كه درس‌هايي آموزنده و ارزشمند براي بازگو كردن و بازآموزي دارد.
چكيده لاتين :
Tabriz city has a rich history affected by various
socio-economic, cultural and natural aspects. Tabriz
old traditional built form, like all other traditional
Iranian cities, is the result of various historical events
and a valuable culture in urban Design context. Great
indigenous urban design complexes like Iranian
Bazaars are the reflection of cultural and spiritual
aspects of a process in a long period of time. Their
design patterns are not copied from other places.
They are quite indigenous and unique in their types.
Reconstruction of Tabriz after destructive earthquake
in a short time indicates that they had clear specific
urban design concepts and criteria to regenerate such
a great complex.
Tabriz Bazaar was the center of exchanging
European commodities; therefore, it was famous in
the world. Due to this reason, it is registered as a
world cultural heritage in UNESCO . It is also an
important socio-economic and cultural element
which gives identity to the Tabriz city. A large part of
the Bazaar area is located in the south of the Mehran
Rood River. The existence of the river has caused the
formation of “Pol-bazaar” (Local name) which means
Bazaar created on bridge. This bridge bazaar is along
the “Rasta” (main axis), leading to the north of the
Bazaar. A large number of entrances all around the
bazaar show the outstanding elements that indicate
the extend and amount of various activities going on
in the area. Religious places like mosques for Muslim
are usually built along the Bazaars too. The main
problem is that, there hasn't been proper respect for
bazaar as a cultural heritage and there is no familiarity
with Iranian Islamic urban design criteria of the Bazaar
in Tabriz city, as far as urban design theories are
concerned. The main aim of this research is to derive
urban design criteria of Tabriz built form as a school
of thought of urban design. Deriving such urban
design criteria and getting lesson from it would not
only help in up grading the condition of existing
bazaar itself, but also it helps in improving urban
design quality of other places with similar culture in
the region. In this article, the methodology is
analytical descriptive. Data collections is done
through library research, review of available
documents and also from filled survey and site
observation and then all these are analyzed.
Finally it is concluded that, Tabriz Bazaar has a
different pattern from those of Tehran, Esfahan and
Shiraz which are of linear type. It has a network
pattern. The network of Tabriz great Bazaar is
combined from main “Axis”, “Corridors”, “Nods”,
“Teams”, “Timchehes”, “Saras”, “Caravansaries” and
“Mosques”. These all have been functioning
considering all aspect of socio-cultural and economic
with lot of diversities, throughout history.
At last, it is concluded that; the culture of urban
design of Tabriz is a unique school of thought with
convivial urban spaces, unique socio-commercial
places such as “Pol-Bazaars”, and rich social capital
(with regard to religious & cultural values). Fine grain
and uniform texture of the built form is full of warmth
and intimacy. It forms a happy composition which has
lots of lessons for designing in future. No doubt that
such a built form creates a special kind of sense of
identity and belonging.
