بررسي تطبيقي رفتار حرارتي پوستۀ خارجي مساجد سنّتي و معاصر در شهر تبريز

A Comparative Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of Exterior Walls in Traditional and Contemporary Mosques in Tabriz, Iran

پوشش يك بنا در مقام مرز بين داخل و خارج، در تقابل همزمان با طبيعت و آسايش انساني است. در اين ميان اقليم شهر تبريز از بُعد طبيعي و اقليمي برخورد پرتنش‌تري با جدارۀ بنا دارد و نقش پوستۀ بنا را پررنگ‌تر مي‌نمايد. بنابراين مطالعۀ مرز تفكيكي طبيعت و انسان در اين شهر، ضرورت اين پژوهش را به اثبات مي‌رساند. از بنايي چون مسجد انتظار مي‌رود بتواند شرايط آسايش انسان را به نحو احسن تأمين كند و خود در مقابل شرايط اقليمي رفتاري خودكفا داشته باشد. در اين راستا جدارۀ بيروني بنا، نقش بسزايي در حفظ شرايط ايجادشده در داخل و ممانعت از نفوذ شرايط اقليمي بيرون به داخل دارد. مطالعات پژوهش حاضر بر اين اصل استوار است كه مساجد سنّتي به دليل ضخامت بدنه‌ها رفتار مناسب‌تري در قبال پارامترهاي حرارتي از خود نشان مي‌دهد و به دنبال تعيين ميزان و حدِ رفتار مذكور است. به همين منظور دو مسجد از دو گروهِ نمونه‌هاي سنّتي و معاصر انتخاب شده و مورد سنجش قرار گرفته است. روش تحقيق اين پژوهش در بخش مطالعات ميداني، محاسبات دقيق است. پس از انجام سنجش ميداني و اندازه‌گيري چند نقطه در جداره‌هاي بيروني مساجد، محاسبات مربوط به ميزان اتلاف حرارت انجام شده و نتايج آنها به منظور دستيابي به عدد اختلاف حرارتي، با هم قياس شده است. نتايج پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد ميزان اتلاف حرارتي جداره‌هاي پيراموني مساجد نوساز، تا نزديك دو برابر بيشتر از نمونه‌هاي سنّتي است و اين امر عملكردِ حرارتيِ مطلوبِ ديوارهاي مساجد سنّتي را از منظر عددي و كمّي نيز ثابت مي‌كند.

Walls of a building as the boundaries between the interior and exterior are in concurrent encounter with the nature and human welfare. Climate of Tabriz is cold and dry, and thus outer walls must more particularly withstand very cold and dry climate. Therefore, it is necessary to review outer walls of a building as boundaries between nature and human welfare. A mosque is a space which is related to transcendental dimensions of human being; it is expected to provide welfare of human being as effective as possible and it must develop self-sufficient behavior against pertaining climate features. In this regard, the outer walls of a building have a significant role in maintaining the conditions created inside and preventing inflow of external climatic conditions. The investigation is based on the fact that traditional mosques develop more desirable behaviors against thermal behaviors due to the thick walls. Accordingly, the question is that, how should the researcher demonstrate the magnitude of the most appropriate thermal behavior of walls of a traditional mosque compared to that of their modern counterparts? Thus, the Seqat-ol-Islam and Karim Khan mosques and the Shakelli and Amiral- Momenin mosques were selected to represent the traditional and modern groups, respectively, so as to measure their temperature loss. The whole sample was selected from a same district of the city for indifferent or minimum climate differences of external environment. Although the temperature variations of external and internal walls are measured but almost similar conditions are more desirable for rational deduction. Accurate calculations were implemented for field studies. Several points of external walls were measured to calculate temperature loss to contrast the obtained results through deduction. This paper is to define some figures for desirable quality of traditional buildings; greater temperature loss by about two times is an indication of quantitative measurement difference. Physical dimension of the aforementioned case of thermal study and the temperature loss is proven. Therefore the investigation is merely to measure architectural quality of the buildings as a definite qualitative aspect of thermo-physics. To put is simply, it is concluded that heat losses of all walls are calculated to demonstrate general thermal behavior of both traditional and contemporary mosques. Also, it is possible to demonstrate or confirm positive effects of the walls to maintain thermal comfort in a mosque. Behavior of bodies of such structures shows that cold and dry climate of Tabriz city compels maintenance of desirable comfort conditions within the mosques by preventing influx of cold air into them. Traditional architecture has satisfied the users’ needs as a result of unconscious awareness of material behaviors and utilization of convenient materials and building walls two times thicker than those in other climatic conditions. The user is more comfortable in traditional mosques than the modern ones, a fact that also demonstrates more desirable thermal behavior of traditional mosques from numeric and quantitative perspectives.