بازنمايي معناهاي فضاهاي شهري اردبيل دورۀ صفويه با نظريۀ فرهنگي هال

Representing the Meaning of Urban Spaces in Ardabil in the Safavid Era Through Hall’s Cultural Approach

فرهنگ هر شهر هم الگوي پديداري شهر است و هم حامل حال‌وهوا و فضاي معنايي است كه شهر در درون آن توسعه و تحول مي‌يابد. از اين رو فرهنگ شهر عبارت است از نظام معنا يا نمادهاي معنادار و يا معاني نمادين و الگوي كالبدي آن. بنابراين راهبرد اساسي در شناسايي فرهنگ شهري، توجه به انواع يا اشكال گوناگون فضاهاي شهري و معاني و مفاهيم آن‌هاست. در اين راستا، مطالعۀ فرهنگي شهرهاي تاريخي زمينۀ مناسبي جهت درك تحولات تاريخي و دگرديسي شهر و شناخت فرهنگ شهرسازي جامعه مي‌باشد. شهر اردبيل از شهرهاي تاريخي مهم است كه در دورۀ صفويه به غناي فرهنگي خاصي رسيده و نقش مهمي در فرهنگ شهرسازي آن دوره ايفا نموده است. لذا شناخت كامل مراحل تكوين و تكامل فضاهاي شهر، همچنين ارتباط بازنمايي معنا و فرهنگ در اين دوره ضروري به نظر مي‌رسد. پژوهش حاضر با روش اكتشافي- اسنادي و با استفاده از مدار فرهنگي استوارت هال، با هدف بررسي بازنمايي معناهاي فضاهاي مهم شهري اردبيلِ دورۀ صفويه جهت دستيابي به الگوي فرهنگي آن انجام شده است. يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه بقعۀ شيخ صفي‌الدين به دليل قداست معنايي، به شهر هويت مقدس بخشيده و بازار به عنوان ستون فقرات شهر دلالت بر مكنت آن داشته و همچنين جمعه مسجد نيز يكپارچگي مكاني- معنايي شهر را بازنمايي مي‌كرده است. نتيجۀ پژوهش حاكي از آن است كه بازنمايي معاني فضاهاي شهر اردبيل در دورۀ صفويه پيوند تنگاتنگي با مناسبات قدرت داشت و فرهنگ شهر بر اساس نظام ديني مبتني بر مشروعيت حكومت شيعي صفويه نمود پيدا كرده بود.

The culture of a city is the pattern that at once represents the city as a whole and the semantic atmosphere or context in which it develops and evolves. In this respect, a city’s culture is nothing other than its system of meanings – of meaningful symbols or symbolic meanings – and their formal/physical patterns. An essential strategy to identify an urban culture is to take account of the various types or forms of urban spaces as well as their meanings and concepts. Therefore, it seems necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of the stages of development/ evolution of urban spaces as well as the relation between representations of meaning and culture in a given period. With a cultural approach to the research subject and an exploration of the city from a cultural point of view, we aim to categorize the effects of culture on the formation of urban structures and forms. By analyzing the meanings and concepts of structural urban elements, we intend to present a reading of the formal/physical concepts and meanings of the case, i.e., the city of Ardabil. Urban spaces are thought of as influential cultural environments that may be effective in shaping community infrastructure. Throughout history, there have been many cities across the world that used to be important for short or long periods due to political, social or cultural reasons, thus, ranking high among cities. One of them is Ardabil, which used to be of special importance for its political and cultural status and reached its culmination in the Safavid era. Ardabil was deemed a sacred place by the Safavid Dynasty. Because of Sheikh Safi al-Din’s Shrine, the religious status of the city was multiplied. It should be noted that Ardabil acquired a new and quite unprecedented significance in the Safavid era. The present research addresses the conceptual position of the city of Ardabil during the Safavid era, which is considered by many Iranians as the era of the resurgence of Shiite Islam. The main question is: How did culture manifest itself in the formation and development of the city of Ardabil in the Safavid era? To answer this question, we represent the meanings of culture in three major urban spaces of Ardabil, including Sheikh Safi al-Din’s Shrine, the Bazaar and Jom’e (Jame’) Mosque. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the meanings of prominent spaces in Ardabil city from a cultural perspective, in particular, through representing the meanings and concepts of the city’s culture in the Safavid era. The study uses an exploratory method and literature review procedures to present an analysis based on Stuart Hall’s “Circuit of Culture” for representations of meanings. The findings indicate that the holy concept of Sheikh Safial-Din’s shrine as Safavid governance origin; bazaar as a main part of urban life and city magnificent; and Jom'e mosque as a religious center conceptually consolidating urban spaces represent the meaning of urban spaces. Representation of spatial meanings in the Safavid-era Ardabil was closely linked to power relations and, thus, the city’s culture reflected the religious system, which was based on the legitimacy of the Shiite Safavid rule.