كليدواژه :
معماري ايراني- اسلامي , تناسبات هندسي , گنبد , زيبايي‌شناسي تجربي
چكيده فارسي :
گنبدها و تناسبات آنها نقش مهمي در چشم‌نوازي معماري اسلامي بازي مي‌كنند. هدف اين مقاله رمزگشايي از دلايل جذابيت گنبدها و يافتن پاسخ به پرسش‌هايي از اين دست است: تناسبات چه اهميتي در معماري دارند و چه عواملي باعث تغيير تناسبات فرم بيروني گنبدهاي ايراني مي‌شوند؟ چه نسبتي از اجزاي تشكيل‌دهنده چفد گنبدها، با استقبال مواجه مي‌شود؟ مقاله ابتدا به مطالعه و طبقه‌بندي مفهوم تناسب، انواع گنبد و متغيرهاي مؤثر در بازتوليد شكل بيروني گنبدها پرداخته و سپس به ارزيابي تجربۀ زيبايي‌شناسانۀ آزمودني‌ها با محرك‌هاي بصري دستكاري‌شده در بخش شانه و آوگون گنبد، با روش تحليلِ واريانس با اندازه‌گيري مكرر يك و چندعاملي، اقدام نموده است. در انتخاب گنبدها، دقت شده تا انواع گنبدهاي انتخاب‌شده، از نمونه‌هايي باشند كه فرم آنها براي آزمودني‌هاي ايراني شناخته‌شده‌تر هستند. همچنين براي بررسي تأثير عواملي مانند نور يا مصالح، سه نوع پيش‌پرسشنامه توزيع شده است. آزمودني‌ها ‒ شامل 86 نفر (46 پسر و 40 دختر) و (41 دانشجوي معماري و 45 دانشجوي غيرمعماري) ‒ از بين دانشجويان همۀ دانشكده‌هاي دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز و به روش دردسترس انتخاب شدند و در آزمون رايانه‌اي كه با نرم‌افزار اُپن سِسمي، كه ويژۀ اين پژوهش طراحي و كدنويسي شده بود، شركت داده شدند. يافته‌ها نشان مي‌دهند كه به‌ويژه در گنبدهايي كه آوگون داشتند، مي‌توان رابطۀ معناداري ( 2±0.06) بين ترجيحات زيبايي افراد و تناسبات ابعاد تشكيل‌دهندۀ گنبدها مشاهده نمود. اين مقاله نشان مي‌دهد زيبايي گنبدهاي ايراني- اسلامي، ويژگي تصادفي نيست و از قواعد و اصول زيبايي‌شناسانۀ مشخص پيروي ميكند.
چكيده لاتين :
Domes and their proportions play an important role in
the visual aesthetics of Islamic architecture. Despite
the importance of this element of Iranian architecture,
no significant studies have been conducted on
its geometric proportions. Previous researches are
mainly concerned with their history, drawing methods,
formal typology and structural-climatic characteristics.
The first question of the study concerns the
concinnity of the dome and the variables that can reproduce
its form and formal proportions. The second
question, which in fact constitutes the main research
question, is: What is the relationship between the
proportions of variables composing the geometric
form of the dome and people’s aesthetic preferences?
And, to compound this question further, what
is the approximate value of this relationship in numerical
proportions? To answer these questions, the
research was conducted in two stages. The primary
stage involved evaluations to identify the variables
that, through being changed, could help reproduce
the greatest number of dome types. One the one
hand, drawing data from previous studies did not suffice
to achieve this goal. On the other hand, controlling
or limiting these variables was crucial for obtaining
a numerical proportion between them. The second
stage involved a survey design which was administered
in two phases: pre-test and main test. The
main test was designed as a multiple-choice computer
survey in which the respondents were asked to select
the dome which they perceived as the most beautiful
from among a set of four presented domes, with varied
proportions of one dome category based on the
findings. In choosing the domes for the survey, we
took care to select the types of domes whose forms
were more familiar to our Iranian sample of respondents.
Three pre-questionnaires were also distributed
to control the effects of such factors as mode of
presentation, light and materials. We first studied and
categorized the concept of proportion, the types of
domes and effective variables in the reproduction of
the outer form of the domes and, then, evaluated the
aesthetic experience of the respondents through presenting
manipulated visual stimuli of “shoulder” and
“base” sections of the dome. The data were fed into
IBM SPSS Statistics and modelled by MANOVA and
repeated measure ANOVA. The participants included
an available sample of 86 students (f=40, m=46; majoring
in architecture=41, majoring in other fields=45)
selected from among the students of all faculties at
Tabriz Islamic Art University. The participants took
part in our exclusive experiment designed and coded
with OpenSesame, an open-source software product.
The findings suggest the existence of a significant relationship
between the aesthetic preferences of the
respondents and the proportions composing the dimensions
of the domes, especially the ones with a
“base” section (2±0.06). This study shows that the
beauty of Iranian-Islamic domes is not a coincidence;
but rather, it follows a certain set of aesthetic principles
and rules.
