ﻗﺪﯾﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ رﺳﺎﻟﮥ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺋﯽ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ

The Oldest Persian Enigmatic Treatise

ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﺪﯾﻌﯽِ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﮐﻪ از دﯾﺮ ﺑﺎز در ﺷﻌﺮ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ رواج داﺷﺘﻪ، ﺑﻪ دو ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﻤﺎي اﺳﻤﯽ و ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ )ﻣﺎدهﺗﺎرﯾﺦ( ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. در ﺳﺪهﻫﺎي 9 – 11 ق ﮐﻪ دور ۀ اوج ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺳﺮاﯾﯽ ﺑﻮد، رﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﺮح و ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ، و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻓﻘﺪان ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ درﺑﺎر ۀ رﺳﺎﻻت ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺋﯽ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ آنﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺗﯽ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﻟﻐﺰشﻫﺎ و اﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺗﯽ را در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﭘﯿﺶ آورده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻟﻐﺰشﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ آﺛﺎر دﯾﮕﺮ راه ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﭼﻨﺎن رواج ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﭘﻨﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي و ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﮥ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺧﻄﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ، آﺷﮑﺎر ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ذﺑﯿﺢاﻟﻠﻪ ﺻﻔﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ اﻻﺣﯿﺎء ﻓﯽ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻤّ ﺎ ﻗﺪﯾﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ رﺳﺎﻟﮥ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺋﯽ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﭼﻨﺪان دﻗﯿﻖ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ و اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﭼﻨﯿﻦ رﺳﺎﻟﻪاي وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻗﺪﯾﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ رﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ، ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﻻﺣﺒﺎب اﺛﺮ رﻓﯿﻊ ﻣﻨﻮﭼﻬﺮ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﻠﻘﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﯾﻊ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰي اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺆﻟﻒ رﺳﺎﻟﮥ 24 اﺻﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ آلﮐﺮ اﺳﺖ.

Riddle as a figure of speech, which has been popular in Persian poetry for a long time, is divided into two types: nominal and historical riddles (Chronograph). In the 11th-9th lunar centuries, which was the peak period of the riddle writing, several treatises were written to explain the rules of riddles, as well as to record the best riddles. The lack of comprehensive research on enigmatic treatises has led to problems in identifying them, which has caused mistakes and errors in some reference sources. Such mistakes have found their way into other works and have eventually become so prevalent that they are considered scientific truth. This fundamental research, which was carried out using library sources and dealing with numerous manuscripts, revealed that Zabihullah Safa's view that ( الاحياء في حل المعمّا ) “al-Ehyāe Fī Hal al-Moamā” is the oldest Persian enigmatic treatise is not exact and there is no such treatise. The oldest treatise ( مطلوب الاحباب ) “Matlōb al-Ahbāb” is the work of Rafi Manouchehr, a merchant known as Badie Tabrizi. The author of the treatise "24 Asl" was also identified.