كليدواژه :
مذهب , اندازۀ دولت , شايستگي رستگاري , اعتقاد به زندگي پس از مرگ
چكيده فارسي :
هدف تحقيق حاضر، بررسي تأثير نقش مذهب در تعيين اندازۀ دولت است. بدين‌منظور مدل سادۀ اقتصادي ـ سياسي با پيروي از مطالعۀ آذي و اهرنبرگ (1975) مبتني‌بر مطالعۀ ملتزر و ريچارد در نظر گرفته شده است و مذهبي‌بودن به‌عنوان شدت رضايت حاصل از كمك‌هاي خيريه براي كالاهاي عمومي مدل‌سازي شد كه در آن هرچه افراد مذهبي‌تر باشند، رضايتي كه از اعانه‌هاي داوطلبانه كسب مي‌كنند، بيشتر است. افراد مذهبي در مقايسه با افراد سكولار به منظور صرف قسمت بزرگ‌تري از درآمدشان براي اعانه‌هاي داوطلبانه به سطوح پايين‌تر ماليات رأي مي‌دهند؛ بنابراين فرايند سياسي منجر به كاهش اندازۀ دولت در كشورهاي مذهبي‌تر و به معناي سطوح پايين‌تر هزينه براي كالاهاي عمومي و بازتوزيع است. نتايج تحقيق نشان داد: كشورهاي داراي سطح بالاتري از اعتقاد به زندگي پس از مرگ (مذهبي‌تر) تمايل به داشتن سطح بالاتر بار مالياتي دارند؛ بنابراين اندازۀ دولت كاهش پيدا مي‌كند. همچنين كشورهاي مذهبي‌تر، نسبت هزينه دولت به توليد ناخالص داخلي كمتري خواهند داشت كه به معناي كاهش اندازۀ دولت خواهد بود. ازسوي‌ديگر، كشورهاي داراي سطح بالاتر اعتقاد به زندگي پس از مرگ (مذهبي‌بودن) سطح پايين‌تري از پرداخت‌هاي انتقالي دارند كه به معناي اندازۀ كوچك‌تر دولت خواهد بود. در نهايت مي‌توان گفت كشورهاي مذهبي‌تر سطوح پايين‌تري از ماليات و هزينۀ دولتي داشته باشند و در مقابل انتظار مي‌رود اندازۀ دولت در كشورهاي مذهبي‌تر كوچك باشد؛ بنابراين مذهب و هزينۀ رفاهي دولت به نوعي مكانيسم‌هاي جايگزين براي تأمين بيمه اجتماعي محسوب مي‌شوند
چكيده لاتين :
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the role of religion in determining the size of government. For this purpose, a simple economic-political model was considered following the study of Azzi and Ehrenberg (1975) based on the study of Meltzer-Richard, and religiosity was modeled as the intensity of satisfaction from charitable donations for public goods, in which the more religious people are, the more satisfaction they get from voluntary donations. Religious people vote for lower levels of taxation than secular people in order to spend a larger portion of their income on voluntary contributions. Thus, the political process leads to a reduction in the size of government in more religious countries, meaning lower levels of spending on public goods and redistribution. The "belief in life after death" index was considered a religious criterion, and for the size of the government, the tax burden indices and the ratio of government expenditures and transfer payments to GDP were considered. Data were collected for a period of 15 years (2018-2004) from the Statistics Center and the Central Bank of Iran and GMM and 2ls IV econometric models were used to analyze the data. The results showed: a) Countries with a higher level of belief in life after death (more religious) tend to have a higher level of tax burden, so the size of government is reduced. b) The variable of belief in life after death as a measure of religiosity has a negative and significant effect on the ratio of government spending to GDP as a measure of government size. Therefore, more religious countries will have a lower ratio of government spending to GDP, which would mean a reduction in government size. c) Countries with a higher level of belief in the afterlife (religion) have a lower level of transfer payments, which would mean a smaller size of government. Finally, it can be stated that more religious countries have lower levels of taxes and government spending. On the contrary, it is expected the size of government in smaller religious countries to be smaller. Therefore, religion and the cost of government welfare are considered as alternative mechanisms for providing social insurance
