بررسي بزه عليه جنگل‌ها و مراتع در راستاي آمايش سرزمين و حفظ جنگل‌ها براي زندگي؛ متأثر از سياست‌گذاري در حيطه منابع طبيعي در پرتو جرم‌شناسي سبز (نمونه موردي: استان مازندران)

Investigation of crimes against forests and pastures in order to prepare the land and preserve forests for life; Affected by Natural Resources Policy in the Light of Green Criminology (Case Study: Mazandaran Province)

ﺳﺎﺑﻘﮥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي آﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ در ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺷﺶ دﻫﻪ و در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران ﻣﺪﺗﯽ ﭘﺲ از آن آﻏﺎز ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺪت، ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي در ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻋﺎم و آﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ در ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺧﺎص، ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﺎ دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ و ﭼﺎل ش ﻫﺎﯾﯽ روب ﻫﺮو ﺑﻮده اﻧﺪ. اﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﯾﮏ روﻧﺪ ﯾﮑﻨﻮاﺧﺖ و ﻋﺎدي در ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ اﺳﺖ، ﻟﯿﮑﻦ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺮب اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﯽ روﯾﻪ از ﻣﻮاﻫﺐ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ در دﻫﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺳﺘﺎن و ﻣﺠﺎورت و ﮔﺬار ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ آﺳﯿﺐ زا، ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎت ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮردن ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻣﺤﯿﻂ و دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﻫﺎي اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ و زﯾﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺟﺒﺮان ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮي را ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮده ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮوز ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎك، ﮐﻢ ﺷﺪن ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، ﺑﻼﯾﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎن زاﯾﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. ﻟﯿﮑﻦ ﺣﺮاﺳﺖ از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ در ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاران و ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮان ﮐﺸﻮر در راﺳﺘﺎي ﻧﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻤﺎت ﺳﻠﯿﻘﻪ اي و ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺮش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاران، راه را ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺰﻫﮑﺎران ﻫﻤﻮار ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. روﯾﮑﺮد ﺟﺮم ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﺟﺮم ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن رادﯾﮑﺎل، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد، ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد. ﺣﺎل ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﭼﺮاﯾﯽ وﻗﻮع ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺰﻫﮑﺎران آن در ﭘﺮﺗﻮ اﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮد اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮان آن را اﺷﺨﺎص ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ دوﻟﺘﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮدوﻟﺘﯽ و ﺑﺰه دﯾﺪﮔﺎن آن را ﻋﻤﻮم ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﯽ داﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﻫﺎ و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺐ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻨﯽ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻮاي ﻣﻘﻨﻨﻪ و اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ و ﺣﺘﯽ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﭙﺎرﭼﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ و ﭘﯿﺸﮕﯿﺮي از ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ زﯾﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و رﻓﻊ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ و آرا و ﺣﺮاﺳﺖ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﺒﺰ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻗﺪم ﺑﺮدارد.

Environmental transformation in natural resources is a uniform and normal process in nature, but with the spread of destructive human processes and the indiscriminate use of forests and pastures in recent decades in the province and the proximity and transition of natural currents from these damage factors. It has caused environmental imbalances and climate change and irreparable damage to green resources, which leads to natural hazards such as soil erosion, declining vegetation, natural disasters and ultimately desertification. However, the protection of these resources has become more in the focus of policy makers and decision makers in the country in order to achieve sustainable development, but tasteful and utilitarian decisions with different attitudes from policy makers have paved the way for criminals. Influenced by the discourse of radical criminologists, the approach of green criminology analyzes the political, economic, cultural and social situations of the country that lead to crimes against forests and pastures. Now, the important issue of why crimes occur and the identification of its perpetrators is in the light of this approach, which often considers the actors as governmental and non-governmental legal entities and its victims as the general public. The executive and even the judiciary of the country should take more sensitive steps towards the integration of laws and the prevention of environmental crimes, and the elimination of fragmentation of laws and votes, and the protection of the province's green resources.