پديد آورندگان :
سيدي، محسن سازمان تحقيقات، آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي - مركز تحقيقات و آموزش كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي استان مركزي - بخش تحقيقات علوم زراعي - باغي، اراك، ايران , حمزه ئي، جواد دانشگاه بوعلي سينا - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، همدان، ايران
كليدواژه :
ﭘﯿﺶ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ , ﺗﻨﺎوب , ﻏﻼت , ﮐﻮد اوره , ﮔﻨﺪم
چكيده فارسي :
ﺗﻨﺎوب زراﻋﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻫﻤﺎن زﻣﯿﻦ رﺷﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﺗﻨﺎوب ﺧﻮب ﻣﺤﺼـﻮل ، ﯾـ ﮏ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ از ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻨﺎوب زراﻋﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﺎزده زﯾﺎدي را ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد و ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ را ﺑﺎ ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ آﻣﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد و ﺧﺎك را ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﯿﺰ ﮐﺮد. ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺣﺒﻮﺑﺎت در ﺗﻨﺎوب زراﻋﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺧﺎك و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎي زراﻋﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه وري ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﯽ ﺑﻌﺪي را ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺑﺒﺨﺸﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل، ﻣﯿﺰان اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ، ﺷﯿﻮهﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺒﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺣﺒﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ و ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺧﺎكداﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك از ﮐﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﯽ ﺧﺎك در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﻟﺬا، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن، رﺷﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﮐﻮد و ﭘﯿﺶ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﺎ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﯽ اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ: آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ دوﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻃﯽ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي زراﻋﯽ 1391-92 و 1392-93 ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ و ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ 3 ﺗﮑﺮار در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﮐﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﯽ ﺳﯿﻨﺎ ﻫﻤﺪان اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر اول ﺗﻨﺎوب در دو ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺨﻮد و ذرت )ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ اي( و ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر دوم ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮐﻮد اوره در 6 ﺳﻄﺢ )0، 40، 80، 120، 160 و 200 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﮑﺘـﺎر ﺑﻮد. ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل در ﺗﯿﺮ 1392 و 1393 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ دادهﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار آﻣﺎري SAS ﻧﺴـﺨﻪ 9/2 ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺎوب و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. اﻣﺎ، ﻫﯿﭻ ﮐﺪام از ﺻﻔﺎت ﮔﻨﺪم ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﺎوب × ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ )1486 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ )675 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ( و درﺻﺪ ﭘﺮوﺗﯿﯿﻦ داﻧﻪ )13/70 درﺻﺪ( در ﺗﻨـﺎوب ﻧﺨـﻮد ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺗﻨﺎوب در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ذرت ﺻﻔﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ و درﺻﺪ ﭘﺮوﺗﯿﯿﻦ داﻧﻪ ﮔﻨﺪم را ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺣﺪود 17، 21 و 18 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪ. ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﻮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧـﺎك ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﮐﺸـﺖ ﺣﺒﻮﺑـﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻧﺨـﻮد وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي رﺷﺪي و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﻌﺪي )در اﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﮔﻨﺪم( ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺷﻮد. در ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﻄﻮح ﮐـﻮد ، ﮐـﻢ ﺗـﺮ ﯾﻦ ﻣﯿـﺰان ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾـﮏ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ و ﻧﯿﺰ درﺻﺪ ﭘﺮوﺗﯿﯿﻦ ﮔﻨﺪم در ﻋﺪم ﻣﺼﺮف اوره ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ )ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺣـﺪود 1102 و 417 ﮔـﺮم در ﻣﺘـﺮ ﻣﺮﺑـﻊ و 11/06 درﺻﺪ(. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ و ﻧﯿﺰ درﺻـﺪ ﭘـﺮوﺗﯿﯿﻦ در ﻣﺼـﺮف 200 ﮐﯿﻠـﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر اوره ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ )ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺣﺪود 1544 و 775 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ و 13/24 درﺻﺪ(، اﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه در اﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﻤـﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻣﺼﺮف 160 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر اوره اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ. ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﺛﺮات ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژﻧﻪ، ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺻﻔﺎت رﺷﺪي و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﻧﯿﺰ، در ﭘﯿﺶ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﻧﺨﻮد و ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺼـﺮف ﮐﻮد ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت رﺷﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮐﻠﺮوﻓﯿﻞ، اﺟﺰاي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ و داﻧﻪ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ و درﺻﺪ ﭘﺮوﺗﯿﯿﻦ داﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اوره اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ در زراﻋﺖ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژﻧﻪ و ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘﯿﺶ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﺣﺒﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺨﻮد راه ﺣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﮐﻮدي ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ و ﻋﺪم ﻣﺼﺮف ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺣﺪ ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﮐﻤﮏ ﺷﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد.
چكيده لاتين :
Crop rotation is an annual succession of crops grown on the same land. Good crop rotation is a systematic succession of the different classes of farm crops. Crop rotation should be done in such a way to give large yields and provide the farm at the least expense of labor and fertilizes the soil. Pulses in crop rotations can improve the productivity of subsequent crops due to increased soil available N and other agronomic benefits. However, the magnitude of this effect can vary with environmental conditions, agricultural management practices and legume genotypes. Also, Legume plants can promote C storage by enhancing the formation and stabilization of soil aggregates that protect soil organic C from mineralization. In order to Evaluation of Nitrogen Use efficiency and Wheat Growth and Yield under Fertilizer Management and Pre-Cropping with crops an experiment was conducted.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was designed based on randomized complete blocks with three replications and implemented on a sandy clay soil during 2012-13 and 2013-14 growing seasons, at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran. The first factor consisted of chickpea and corn (forage) and the second factor was urea fertilizer levels of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg/ha. Harvest operation was done on July, 2013 and 2014. SAS procedures and programs were used for analysis of variance (ANOVA) calculations.
Results: The results showed that about all of the evaluated properties of wheat affected by pre-cropping and nitrogen fertilizer treatments. But, none of the wheat traits do not affect by pre-cropping × nitrogen fertilizer. The highest biological yield (1486 g m-2), grain yield (675 g m-2) and protein percentage (13.70%) were observed in chickpea pre-cropping treatment. Chickpea pre-cropping treatment increased wheat biological yield and grain yield and protein percentage about 17, 21 and 18 percent in comparison to corn pre-cropping treatment. Pay attention to the improved physicochemical conditions of the soil after cropping legumes such as chickpea, it is normal to improve the growth and yield characteristics of the next crop (in this study, wheat). Among the nitrogen fertilizer levels the lowest wheat biological yield and grain yield and protein percentage (about 1102 and 417 g m-2 and 11.06%, respectively) was achieved at 0 kg ha-1 N fertilizer consumption. Also, the highest wheat biological yield and grain yield and protein percentage (about 1544 and 775 g m-2 and 13.24%, respectively) was observed at 200 kg ha-1 N fertilizer consumption, but it had not significant difference with 160 kg/ha treatment. One of the most well-known effects of nitrogen fertilizers is to increase the crops properties of growth and yield. The highest nitrogen use efficiency was observed at chickpea pre-cropping and lowest level of fertilizer application. In this study, wheat growth and yield characteristics such as plant height, chlorophyll index, grain yield components, biological and grain yield, harvest index, and percentage of grain protein increased due to urea application.
Conclusion: It seems that in the wheat farming, legumes pre-cropping such as chickpea pre-cropping is a good solution to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers and to contribute to environmental health. Also, attention to optimum fertilizer levels and non-overuse of fertilizers will contribute to agricultural sustainability.
