پديد آورندگان :
عليزاده، فهيمه دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه زراعت، ساري، ايران , زعفريان، فائزه دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه زراعت، ساري، ايران , ترابي، بنيامين دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه زراعت، ساري، ايران , عباسي، رحمت دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه زراعت، ساري، ايران
چكيده فارسي :
ﯾﮑﯽ از راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد در واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ارﻗﺎم ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﮐﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺮاي ارﻗـﺎم ﮐﻠﺰا ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه اي ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﻄﻠﻮب دارد. ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﮔﯿـﺎه و رﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ﺗﺮاﮐﻤﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﯿﺮد ﮐﻪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺷﺪه، اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ و در ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ رﺷـﺪ، ﻓﻀـﺎي ﮐـﺎﻓﯽ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ روﺑﺮو ﻧﺸﻮد. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 1396-97 در ﻣﺰرﻋـﻪ ي ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﻗﺮاﺧﯿﻞ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺸﻬﺮ اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﻫـﺎي 42، 66، 88، 114 و 133 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ و ﭼﻬﺎر رﻗﻢ ﮐﻠﺰا ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: ﻫﺎﯾﻮﻻ 401، آﮔﺎﻣﮑﺲ، ﻫﺎﯾﻮﻻ 4815 و ﺗﺮاﭘﺮ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار اﺟﺮا ﺷـﺪ. ﺻـﻔﺎت ﻣـﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﮐﻞ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷـﺪ ﻧﺴـﺒﯽ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ ﺑﻮد. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ رﻗﻢ و ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي رﺷﺪي ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﮐﻞ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري داﺷﺖ؛ ﺑﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﮐﻞ )910 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( در رﻗﻢ ﻫﺎﯾﻮﻻ 401 و در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 88 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ و ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﮐﻞ )393 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( در رﻗﻢ ﺗﺮاﭘﺮ و در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 42 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻃﺒـﻖ ﺟـﺪول ﺗﺠﺰﯾـﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ اﺛﺮ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس آن ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 11/36 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در روز ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 88 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ و ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار آن ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 5/91 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در روز از ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 42 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ )0/0580 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮم در روز( و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ )3/49 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در روز( ﻧﯿﺰ در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 88 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ و ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ )0/0530 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮم در روز( و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ )2/99 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 42 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻮد. ﺷﺎﯾﺎن ذﮐﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 7031/8 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ رﻗﻢ ﻫﺎﯾﻮﻻ 401 ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 88 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ از 42 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ و ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗـﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ در رﻗﻢ ﻫﺎﯾﻮﻻ 401 و در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 88 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺷـﺪ و ﺑـﯿﺶ ﺗـﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿـﺰان ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻧﯿﺰ در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 88 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘـﺮ ﻣﺮ ﺑـﻊ ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪ. ﻟـﺬا در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺪم ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ و ﮐﻢ ﺑﻮدن ﺳﻄﺢ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﺎﺑﺶ )ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎ( ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪ، ﺣﺎل آﻧﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ از 88 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ درون ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي از ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻟﺬا ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ، ﮐﺎﺷﺖ رﻗﻢ ﻫﺎﯾﻮﻻ 401 در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 88 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮد ﺑﺎﻻ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﺷﺮق ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
One of the strategies to increase the yield per unit area is to use suitable cultivars that are compatible with the climatic conditions of each region at the appropriate planting density, so that there is minimal competition between plants. Determining the appropriate crop density for rapeseed cultivars is very important and plays a decisive role in achieving the desired yield. Planting the crop for each plant and cultivar should be done in a density where the plant is well emerge, establish and in each stage of growth, has enough space to maximize the use of environmental factors and not face unfavorable conditions as much as possible.
Materials and Methods: This factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in research farm of Gharakhil Agricultural Research Center, Ghaemshahr in 2017-2018. Treatments included: densities of 42, 66, 88, 114 and 133 plants m-2 and four rapeseed cultivars including: Hyola 401, Agamax, Hyola 4815 and Trapper which were performed in three replications. The evaluated traits included growth indices such as total dry matter content, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net photosynthesis rate as well as yield.
Results: The results showed that the interaction effect of cultivar and plant density was significantly different only for total dry matter and leaf area index. Maximum amount of total dry matter (910 g m-2) and leaf area index (3.53) was observed in Hayola 401 cultivar and density of 88 plants m-2 and minimum amount of total dry matter (393 g m-2) and leaf area index (2.26) was observed in Trapper cultivar at a density of 42 plants m-2. According to the results, the only simple effect of density was significant on crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net photosynthesis rate, according to which the highest crop growth rate with an average of 11.36 g m-2 d-1 was related to the density of 88 plants m-2 and the lowest one was obtained with an average of 5.91 g m-2 d-1 from a density of 42 plants m-2. Also, the maximum relative growth rate and net photosynthesis rate with an average of 0.0580 g g-1 d-1 and 3.49 g m-2 were obtained at a density of 88 plants m-2, respectively, and their minimum ones with an average of 0.0530 g g-1 d-1 and 2.99 g m-2 was seen from the density of 42 plants m-2. The highest grain yield with an average of 7031.8 kg ha-1 was related to Hayola 401 cultivar in a density of 88 plants m-2.
Conclusion: With increasing density of 42 plants m-2, dry matter production and leaf area increased; when the highest amount of dry matter and leaf area index in cultivar Hayola 401 in density of 88 plants m-2 had the best results and the highest rate of crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net photosynthesis rate were obtained at density of 88 plants m-2. Therefore, in low densities, due to the lack of complete canopy closure and low surface for radiation absorbance (leaves), dry matter production had decreased, while with increasing density more than 88 plants.m-2 due to increase intra specific competition, dry matter production and leaf area index decreased. Therefore, according to the results, planting cultivars Hayola 401 at a density of 88 plants m-2 is recommended to achieve high yields in the climate of Mazandaran.
