جايگاه كوئينون در ارزيابي تكامل موجودات

The role of quinones as biomarker in evolution of archaea

ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻫﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺸﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺎﻗﻞ، در زﻧﺠﻴﺮهي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و در ﺗﻤﺎم رده ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ. ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻼس آﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن، ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻮﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن، ﻣﻨﺎﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﻨﺎﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻓﻘﻂ در ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ و آرﻛﻲﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد. ﮔﺮوﻫﻬﺎي ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺳﺮ، ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﻨﻨﺪهي ﻧﻮع ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن و ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻏﺸﺎﻳﻲ و واﻛﻨﺶ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮاز )PCR(، ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮنﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮوﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ را در ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ. ﻫﺪف از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎرﻛﺮ در ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ آرﻛﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. از اﻳﻦ رو ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﺣﻴﺎ و ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ، ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ و ﭘﻴﺪاﻳﺶ ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص در ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﺳﺖ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن در زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻜﺘﺮون، در ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﻏﺸﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻘﺶ دارﻧﺪ. ﺣﻀﻮر ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ در آرﻛﻲ دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎي ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ را از ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ ي ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ و ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ. ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪي ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻜﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. از اﻳﻦ رو ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻣﻨﺎﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن در ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﺟﺪاد آرﻛﻲ و ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮيﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ اﺣﻴﺎي ﻛﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن وﺟﻮد اﺟﺪاد ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ آرﻛﻲ را در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﺣﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻦ، ﺗﻨﻮع ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻫﺎ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آرﻛﻴﺎﻳﻲ درﻳﭽﻪ اي را ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ ي ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻫﺎ در ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي آرﻛﻴﺎﻳﻲ، اﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف وﻳﮋﮔﻲ زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه و اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزش و ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮن ﻫﺎ در آرﻛﻲ ﻫﺎ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ وﺳﻴﻌﻲ را در ﺑﺮدارد و ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺎرﻛﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي آرﻛﻲ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Quinones are a group of lipids linked to membrane and play as a electron carrier in electron transport chain of all creatures. The main classes of these compounds are ubiquinones, menaquinones and plastoquinones. Menaquinones exist in bacteria and archaea. Based on membrane lipid analysis and polymerase chain reaction, quinones introduce a special taxonomy profile in microbial biomass of environmental samples. The purpose of this study was the role of quinones as biomarker in evolution of archaea. Nowadays, oxidative reductive conditions considered as important factors in occur of quinones in microorganisms. In addition, function of quinones in electron transport chain associated to compatibility of membrane with environmental stresses. Therefore, quinones could be considered as biomarker lipids to investigate microbial interactions. In this regard, menaquinone synthesis existed in archaea and bacteria ancestors. This idea supported by low reductive potential of menaquione in archaeal ancestor. Therefore, variety of quinones in Archaea spp. Lead us to obtain more information concerning to evolution of Archaea. It means variety characters of quinones in Archaea spp. associated with their strategy for compatible and survival. Therefore, different structures of quinones in Archaea could give us valuable information concerning to archaeal taxonomy.