مروري بر استفاده از جلبك‌ها به عنوان سوخت زيستي و بهينه‌سازي آن

An Overview on the Usage of Algae as a Biofuel and their Optimization

ﻣﺤﺪودﺑﻮدن ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ در ﻛﻨﺎر آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﺣﺘﺮاق آنﻫﺎ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮي ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﭘﺬﻳﺮ و ﭘﺎك را ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد. ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ در ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮف ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ،ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻣﺪ و ﻟﺠﻦ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺮوزه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ-ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد؛ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل در دﻫﻪ اﺧﻴﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺟﻠﺒﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪاي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺲ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻬﺮهوري از زﻳﺴﺖﺗﻮدهﻫﺎي ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻲ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺼﺮف آب و ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺗﺮ از ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺟﻠﺒﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ در ﻣﺼﺮف ﻛﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﻲ و ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﻏﻴﺮآﻟﻲ و ﻓﺴﻔﺮ، ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي آﺑﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼبﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي و ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ و ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻓﺎﺿﻼبﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻓﻀﻮﻻت ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آنﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ زﻳﺎدي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮآﻟﻲ و ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن و ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﮔﺴﺘﺮده و اﺑﺪاع روشﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻘﺮونﺑﻪﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ- ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻲ دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺮوري، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﻮرتﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﻠﺒﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﻮﺧﺖ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و روشﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎزي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺎﻣﻊ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Limitation of fossil fuel resources along with environmental pollution caused by combustion of them is necessary to search for renewable and clean alternatives. Most of the attention in biofuel production has been focused on the use of biomass, agricultural wastes, solid wastes, and sewage disposal sludge treatment. Today, there are renewable sources to replace fossil fuels such as plant biofuels. However, in the last decade microalgae cultivation has been introduced as another alternative to biomass production. The use of algal biomass in terms of water use and area under cultivation is more effective than crops and reduces cost and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels. Many species of microalgae, due to their ability to use abundant organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, can grow various aquatic ecosystems such as municipal and industrial wastewater and sewage and waste streams containing large amounts of organic and inorganic carbon, N, P, and other elements. With extensive studies and development of new techniques, it is possible to achieve cost-effective algal biomass production and also prevent the production of plant biofuels due to the high consumption of freshwater and agricultural lands.