بازشناسي دو مفهوم «مردم» و «بندگ» در اندرزنامه‌ها و متون فقهي- حقوقي فارسي ميانة زردشتي

Recognition of the two concepts of “mardōm” and “bandag” In Zoroastrian Middle Persian advisory and jurisprudential legal texts

مفهوم «مردم» كليدي‌ترين واژه در «تاريخ اجتماعي» است. اين مفهوم به همين شكل امروزي در متون فارسي ميانۀ زردشتي به كار رفته است. مسالۀ پژوهش بررسي تطبيقي دو مفهوم «مردم» و «بندگ / بنده» در اندرزنامه‌ها و متون فقهي - حقوقي و فهم مناسبات اجتماعي از طريق آن است. از اين رو پژوهش بر اساس رويكرد زبان شناختي و روش تاريخ مفهوم اين پرسش اصلي را طرح مي‌كند كه هر يك از اين دو واژه در كدام دسته از متون بيشتر ظاهر شده‌اند و چگونه بر اعضاي اجتماع قابل انطباق هستند؟ مدعاي نويسندگان اين است كه واژة mardōm در معناي عامة مردم، اعم از زردشتي و غير زردشتي، و غالباً در متون اندرزنامه‌اي به كار رفته و در مقابل، واژة bandag ،در معناي فرمان‌بر، در متون فقهي- حقوقي به كار مي‌رود و مقصود همان «اتباع» و «پيروان» است كه مي‌تواند از پايين‌ترين سطح تا عالي‌ترين سطوح نظم اجتماعي را در بر گيرد و در معناي «بنده» بمثابۀ «برده» نيست، و تنها زرتشتيان را در برمي‌گيرد.

"people" is the most key concept in social history. It was used in the same way in Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts. The aim of the research is a comparative study of the two words of mardōm and bandag in the advisory and jurisprudential legal texts and understanding social relations through it. Therefore, based on the linguistic approach, the research raises the main question, which category of texts do each of these two words appear more and how are they applicable to members of society? The authors hypothesize that mardōm was often used in “the advisory texts” and the general sense of the people, both Zoroastrian and non-Zoroastrian, and in contrast, bandag, in the sense of the subject, was used in jurisprudential legal texts. The result of this research is to pay attention to the fact that in “the advisory texts”, mardōm is used as a general term for all members of society regardless of their political or social orientations and is one of the most widely used words that pay attention to the moral status of people regardless of their class status. The use of terms such as šāhān šāh bandag in the jurisprudential legal texts is also related to the political concept of bandag, which can range from the lowest to the highest levels of social order. In contrast, other terms and expressions have been used to discuss the role of community members concerning the members of the community to which they belong and other communities.