چكيده فارسي :
داﻧﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﻮرد )SEP: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(، ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻂ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪد داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﺳﺘﻨﻔﻮرد در رﺑﻊ ﻗﺮن اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ و ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﺎي در ﺑﺎب ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ داروﻳﻦ،ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺳﺘﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻤﻪ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺪرن، از ﺑﺪو اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در 1859 ﻣﻴﻼدي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ آﻏﺎز ﺑﺤﺚ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻓﺮاوان ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و از ﻫﻤﻴﻦ رو ﻣﺪاﺧﻞِ ﭘﺮﺷﻤﺎري در داﻧﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﻮرد ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ و ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دارﻧﺪ. ﻣﺪﺧﻞ زﻳﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دﺷﻮار »وراﺛﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي )Heritability(« ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازد. ﻓﻬﻢ وراﺛﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺷﺮط درك ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت از ﻧﺴﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ و ﻣﻴﺰان اﺛﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺻﻔﺎت از ﻧﺴﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ اﺳﺖ و ﻛﮋﻓﻬﻤﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮص ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎراﺳﺘﻲ در ﺑﺎب ﺗﻔﺎوت ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ. ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ Stephen M. Downes و Lucas Matthews ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺷﺎﻟﻮده ﻧﻈﺮي وراﺛﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و اﻫﻤﻴﺖ آن در ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ را ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮده و دﺷﻮاري اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي آن در ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ را ﻫﻮﻳﺪا ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy is an online repository, maintained by Stanford University, which has been publishing entries and essays on philosophical topics for the last quarter century. Darwin’s theory of evolution, one of the pillars of modern biology, has been the starting point of many philosophical debates. Consequently, a considerable number of entries in the Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy deal with this theory issues related to it. One of such entries, presented below, tackles the complicated topic of heritability. To understand how traits, change from across generations and the effect of selection on the frequency of traits in a population, one has to understand heritability. Misunderstanding this concept can lead to erroneous assumptions about the nature of genetic differences between human populations. The authors of this entry manage to explain the conceptual foundations of heritability and its importance to the theory of organic evolution with clarity. In addition, they demonstrate the difficulties in measuring heritability in natural populations.
