تأثير انگيختگي ناشي از تماشاگر بر فرآيند و نتيجه تصميم گيري و عملكرد سرويس واليبال

The effect of arousal caused by spectators on process and outcome of volleyball serve skill

تحقيقات و نظربات زيادي همچون نظريه يوي وارونه در زمينه رابطه بين انگيختگي و اجرا نشان داده كه انگيختگي يك فاكتور روانشناسي مؤثر بر عملكرد شناختي و حركتي ورزشكاران است. علي­ رغم تحقيقات انجام شده در اين حيطه، در زمينه تأثير انگيختگي بر فعاليت ­هاي شناختي و حركتي در پيشينه تحقيقات نياز به تحقيق بيشتري احساس مي­ شود. هدف: هدف تحقيق حاضر بررسي تأثير انگيختگي ناشي از تماشاگر بر فرآيند و نتيجه تصميم­ گيري و عملكرد سرويس واليبال بود. روش: روش تحقيق پيش­ رو شبه تجربي و روش نمونه ­گيري نيز تصادفي در دسترس بود. شركت ­كنندگان پژوهش 29 بازيكن تيم­هاي ملي واليبال نوجوانان و دانشجويان ايران با ميانگين سني 243/2±62/19 سال بودند. شركت ­كنندگان ابتدا 25 كوشش تصميم­ گيري سرويس واليبال را اجرا كرده و امتيازات سرعت و دقت تصميم­گيري و داده­هاي حركات چشم­ شان توسط دستگاه رديابي بينايي مدل بدون سيم ديكابليس ساخت كمپاني ارگونير كشور آلمان ثبت شد. بخش دوم شامل اجراي آزمون عملي سرويس واليبال برادي (1990) بود كه آزمودني ­ها 10 سرويس را اجرا كردند. براي ايجاد انگيختگي از حضور تماشاگران در محيط آزمون استفاده شده و همچنين براي سنجش انگيختگي نيز از سنجش ضربان قلب ورزشكاران استفاده شد. فاكتورهاي بيومكانيكي اجراي سرويس شامل: فاصله جدا شدن از زمين تا خط سرويس، ارتفاع سرويس، فاصله محل ضربه به توپ تا خط سرويس، فاصله محل فرود تا خط سرويس، و سرعت توپ بود. داده ­ها به وسيله آزمون آماري تي همبسته تحليل شد. يافته­ها: انگيختگي باعث افزايش سرعت تصميم­ گيري (015/0 =P) و كاهش دقت تصميم­ گيري (0/001 >P) شده، از طرفي افزايش تعداد ساكاد (0/001 >P) و تثبيت­ هاي بينايي (0/001 >P) و همچنين كاهش مدت زمان تثبيت ­هاي بينايي (0/001 >P) را طي آزمون­ هاي تصميم گيري در پي داشت. همچنين نتايج آزمون اجراي سرويس واليبال نشان داد انگيختگي تأثير معناداري بر ارتفاع سرويس (0/033 =P) دارد. نتيجه‌گيري: در طي اجراي مهارت­ هاي حركتي، اگرچه فاكتور انگيختگي بر فرايند اجراي مهارت تأثير داشته، ولي الزاماً بر نتيجه اجرا تأثير نخواهد داشت. همچنين در مهارت­ هاي شناختي مانند تصميم ­گيري، انگيختگي باعث افزايش سرعت و كاهش دقت تصميم­ گيري مي شود. در شرايط انگيختگي، بازيكنان مبادله سرعت - دقت را به سمت افزايش سرعت و كاهش دقت پيش مي ­برند.

Background: The Arousal is one of the psychological factors affecting athletes' performance. The most important theory of the relationship between arousal and performance is the inverted-U theory. Despite research in this area, more research is needed on the effects of arousal on cognitive and motor activities. Aims: The purpose of the present research is to investigate the effect of arousal caused by spectators on the process and outcome of decision mking and volleyball serve performance skill. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental and the sampling method was also available randomly. The population of the study is the volleyball players of Iranian youth and student volleyball national team. A number of 29 players (Mean age=19.62 ± 2.243 years) participated in this research. At first, the players filled out the satisfaction form. At first participants performed decision making test.The decision making task of current study was performance of volleyball serve decision making under arousal conditions caused by spectators. Participants performed 25 decision making situations in baseline and spectators arousal conditions. The visual saccade and fixation data recorded by eye tracker system (Ergoneers Dikablis Eye Tracking System) simultaneously with decision making test performance. Data analyzed with paired-samples t-test. Then the participants performed the volleyball serve performance test (Brady volleyball skill test). The instrument used in the study was high frequency camera Sony cyber shot rx100 iv that used to record the players' performance for biomechanical analysis of serve performance. The tracker software was used to analyze the video performance of players' serve skills. The presence of spectators in the test environment was used to create arousal and also the measurement of athletes' heart rate was used to measure arousal. The subjects performed 10 services and their biomechanical factors included; distance to line, serve height, serve distance to line, landing distance to line and ball speed was recorded by camera. To ensure arousal, their heart rates were measured. Results: The results of the serve performance t-test showed that the arousal caused by the spectators has a significant effect on serve height (P=0.033). Also the result indicated that arousal caused by spectators affected the process and outcome of decision making. Conclusion: Although the decision-making speed of the players increased under the circumstances of the arousal, their decision-making accuracy decreased. Given this, coaches need to provide good training tips in training to improve the decisions made by players. In addition to physical exercise, mental training and decision-making should also be done.