ﻧﻘﺶ ﺟﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﯿﺒﯽ در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻃﺐ اﺳﻼﻣﯽاﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ اروﭘﺎ

The Role of the Crusade Wars in Transition of Islamic-Persian Medicine to Europe

ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳــ ﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻣــﻞ ﺑــ ﻴﻦ ﺗﻤــﺪﻥ ﺍﺳــﻼﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻏــﺮﺏ، ﺟﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺮﻥ، ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ، ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺷــﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ. ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺩﻟﻴــ ﻞ ﺷــﻮﺭ ﻣــﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻴــ ﺎﻥ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ )ﻉ( ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ، ﺳﺮﺍﺯﻳﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣــﺎﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﭘــﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﺑــﻮﺩ، ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ، ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻳﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ. ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ، ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺟﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﭘﺮﺷﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺗﻤــﺪﻥ ﺍﺳــﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ، ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ، ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ، ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﮔﻮﺍﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻱ ﮐــﺎﺭﺯﺍﺭ ﺻــﻠﻴﺒﻲ، ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻴــ ﺎﻥ، ﺑــﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ، ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻃﺒﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ، ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣــﺮ، ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﭘﻴﺸــﺮﻓﺖ ﺩﺍﻧــﺶ ﭘﺰﺷــﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻣــﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ، ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﻳﻲ، ﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ، ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗــﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣــﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻴﺎﻥ، ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ، ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺐ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ، ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺗﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.

One of the most important and influential events in the interaction between Islamic civilization and the West was the Crusades, which lasted for nearly two centuries and extended from Europe to the Levant and Egypt. The main reasons for these wars, apparently, were the religious zeal of the Christians to seize Jerusalem from the Muslims and, in fact, the territorial expansion and influx of the surplus population of Europe to the east. The present study aims to explore the role of the Crusades in the transfer of medicine to Europe. The present research uses a descriptive-analytical method and library resources to explain the process of transferring Islamic and Eastern medical science to the world, affected by religious wars. Referring to texts, honesty and trustworthiness, citation of used texts, avoidance of bias in inference from texts or analyzes have been observed. The results of the research show that during the Crusades, Europeans, observing the scientific progress of Muslims, decided to translate the works of Islamic physicians and transfer them to Europe. This led to the advancement of medical knowledge and the development of health in Europe's Renaissance. Thus, he most important consequence of the Crusades was facilitation of the transfer of the cultural and civilizational foundations of the Islamic world, including the reserves of Islamic and Persian medicine to Europe.