كليدواژه :
اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد , اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد ﻗﺪﯾﻢ , اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد ﻟﯿﺒﺮال , اﺻﻞ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ , ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي اﺧﻼﻗﯽ اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد ﻟﯿﺒﺮال
چكيده فارسي :
از دﯾﺮﺑﺎز ﺑﺸﺮ در آرزوي ﺑﻬﺴﺎزي ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺧﻮد و ﭘﺎك ﺳﺎزي آن از ﺑﺮﺧـﯽ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻫـﺎ و ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻮده و ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﻦ دﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﮏ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﯿﮕﯿﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. وﺟﻮد ﺳﯿﺎﺳـﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘـﺪارﮔﺮا و ﻧﮋادﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ و روش ﻫﺎي ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺾ آﻣﯿﺰ در اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد ﻗﺪﯾﻢ، ﺣﮑﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻏﯿﺮاﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺑﻮدن آن را آﺳﺎن ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﻮد، اﻣﺎ ﻗﻀـﺎوت درﺑﺎره اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد ﻟﯿﺒﺮال و ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﺪري دﺷﻮار اﺳﺖ. زﯾﺮا ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ و ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻢ ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ و ارزش ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻟﯿﺒﺮاﻟﯽ ﺣﮑﻢ ﺑﻪ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺷـﺪن آن ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ و در ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﮔـﺮوه دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط را ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽ داﻧﻨـﺪ. ﯾﮑـﯽ از اﯾـﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻬـﻢ، ﻧﻘﺾ اﺻﻞ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ، اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ، اﺳﺖ. ﺑﯽ ﻋﺪاﻟﺘﯽ در اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد ﻗﺪﯾﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺾ آﻣﯿﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﻮد و ﻧﻤﻮد ﺑﯽ ﻋﺪاﻟﺘﯽ در ﺷﯿﻮه ﺟﺪﯾﺪ اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد اﯾـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎﯾﺶ در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺠﻮﯾﺰ در دﺳﺘﺮس اﻗﺸﺎر ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد و اﻣﮑﺎن ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ از آن ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﺗﺠﻮﯾﺰ ﺑﯽ ﻗﯿﺪ و ﺷﺮط اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد ﺑﺪون ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﺧﻼﻗﯽ، ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎ و ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺧﻼﻗﯽ دﯾﮕـﺮي را ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ. ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ اﺻﻼح ﻧﮋاد ﻟﯿﺒﺮال و ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾـﺖ اﺻـﻞ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ در ﭘﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺖ.
چكيده لاتين :
For a long time, human beings have been wishing to improve the genetic composition
of their generation and clearing it of some disabilities and defects, and this concern
has always been pursued in different ways in different eras. The existence of
authoritarian and racist policies and discriminatory methods in the old Eugenics made
it easy to rule that it was immoral, but it is somewhat difficult to judge the liberal and
new Eugenics because one group, citing the scientific contexts and social contexts
resulting from the advances in genetics and the values of liberal societies, dictates its
moralization, while the other group, despite these contexts, still retains the relevant
ethical challenges.
One of these important challenges is the violation of the principle of justice, albeit
in a different way than in the past. Injustice in the old Eugenics was discriminatory due
to the imposition of a Eugenics program on a particular class, and the manifestation of
injustice in the new Eugenics is that by prescribing that its benefits belong to certain
classes, it is not possible for the public to benefit from it. The author of this article
believes that various ethical challenges still exist in the liberal and modern Eugenics
program with a focus on the principle of justice, and the present article seeks to
identify, examine and analyze them from a point of view.
The findings of this paper are that some of the ethical considerations related to
the application of the principle of justice to Eugenics are:
1. Although some solutions may be effective at some level, it is not possible to
provide an absolute and general solution for all cases of breeding.
2. Bioethical issues such as Eugenics due to their multifaceted nature, need the
consideration of the requirements of various principles and some contextual
considerations related to cultural and social conditions and indigenous and regional
situations.
3. It is necessary to have appropriate programs to eliminate the factors that incite
immoral attitudes and prejudices against the disabled.
4. Despite the context in which it has been made, advocates of liberal Eugenics
themselves admit that the challenge of discrimination remains and have an
unprecedented impact on genocide and the rise of racism.
5. The well-being of individuals in society depends on the fair distribution of the
benefits and resources of Eugenics in a fair social context, and the prescription and
distribution of these resources in a society with defective and unjust structures will
not have the desired effect.
