ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻮاع ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﺑﺮ ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي و اﺟﺮاي ﭘﺮﺗﺎب از ﺑﺎﻻي ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ دﺳﺖ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ

The impact of the Attentional Focus types and the competitive environment on learning and performance over arm throw with the non-dominant hand

ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ و رﻗﺎﺑﺖ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﺪاﯾﯽﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ ورزش و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﻬﺎرت ﺣﺮﮐﺘﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﺪف از ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻮاع ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺟﺮا و ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي ﭘﺮﺗﺎب از ﺑﺎﻻي ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ دﺳﺖ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ﭘﺴﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ دﺑﯿﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮد. روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ: 60 داﻧﺶآﻣﻮز ﭘﺴﺮ راﺳﺖدﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺳﻨﯽ )16/95±0/819( و ﻧﺎآﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻠﯿﻒ ﮐﻪ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ در ﺣﺎل ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت داوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﺮوه 15 ﻧﻔﺮي )دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ، دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ دروﻧﯽ، دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ دروﻧﯽ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ( ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﮐﺘﺴﺎب ﺷﺶ دﺳﺘﻪ ده ﮐﻮﺷﺸﯽ ﭘﺮﺗﺎب ﺗﻮپ ﺗﻨﯿﺲ ﺧﺎﮐﯽ از ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﺮ را ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ. آزﻣﻮن ﯾﺎدداري و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﻌﺪ از 24 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ از ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﮐﺘﺴﺎب اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﭘﺲ از اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن از ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻮدن ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آزﻣﻮن ﺷﺎﭘﯿﺮو-وﯾﻠﮏ، ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازهﻫﺎي ﺗﮑﺮاري در ﻣﻮرد ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ اﺛﺮات اﺻﻠﯽ ﮔﺮوه و دﺳﺘﻪ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ دو ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎدار اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ آزﻣﻮن ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺒﯽ ﺑﻮﻧﻔﺮوﻧﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻤﺮهﻫﺎي ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﺎدار اﺳﺖ و در ﻫﺮ دو ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮرﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﻬﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻮﺟﻪ دروﻧﯽ دارد و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ از ﻏﯿﺮرﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ )0/05≤P(. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎ در آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي اﮐﺘﺴﺎب و ﯾﺎدداري ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﯿﺶآزﻣﻮن ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ دارﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﯿﺎن و ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎن ورزﺷﯽ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ از دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﻬﺎرتﻫﺎي ورزﺷﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﻨﺪ.ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان از ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮد.

focus of attention and competition is an integral part of the sport and the factors affecting the performance and motor skills. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the interaction of attentional focus types and competitive environmen on performance and learning over arm throwing whit non-dominant in high school student.Methodology: 60 male students with a mean age (16.95 ± 0/819) and unfamiliar with the research they were studying in Tabriz voluntarily participated in this study and were divided into four groups of 15 persons (external focus on non-competitive environment, internal focus on non-competitive environment, external focus on competitive environment, external focus on competitive environment). Then in the acquisition level practiced six blocks of ten attempts over arm throwing the earth tennis ball in conditions with each group. Retention and transfer tests were performed after 24 hours from the acquisition.Findings: after ensuring the normal distribution of data whit using kolmogorov–smirnov and the results of variance analysis with repeated measures showed that the main effect of block groups and blocks, as well as the interaction between these two variables is significant. One-way analysis of variance and bonferroni test shows significant differences in all phases of the scores and in both competitive and non-competitive external focus group is better than internal focus group. Also The external group to compete better in terms of non-competitive. The results also show that all groups in acquisition and retention tests compared to pre-test their progress (P≤0/05). Therefore, it is suggested that coaches and sports teachers in competitive environments also use external attention instructions to learn sport skills. Conclusion: we can use advantage of external focus of attention in competitive condition too.