مسئوليت بايع در پرداخت خسارت ناشي از مستحق‌للغير درآمدن مبيع

The responsibility of the seller to compensate the buyer in case of belonging the sale object to a third party

در مسئوليت بايع از باب ضمان درك مبيع و تعلق جزء يا كل آن به غير پس از تصرف در ثمن، برابر مواد 362، 390 و 391 قانون مدني ترديدي وجود ندارد. اما اينكه خريدار در اثر بي‌نتيجه شدن عقد و تحمل خسارت، به چه مقدار استحقاق مطالبه غرامت دارد؟ مقررات موضوعه پاسخي دقيق اعلام نكرده است. شايد اين امر ناشي از آراي مختلف فقها به عنوان منبع اصلي قانون مدني باشد. راي وحدت رويه شماره 733 مورخ 15/7/1393 با اعلام اينكه در فرض مزبور، مشتري مستحق دريافت ارزش روز ثمن مبيع مي‌باشد به زعم خود به مناقشات موجود در روية قضايي خاتمه بخشيده است، اما اين راي در عمل موجب حل اختلاف نشده و راهگشا نيست. در اين بررسي با مرور عقايد مختلف و تبعات راي وحدت رويه به اين نتيجه رسيديم كه راه حل منطقي و عادلانه اعلام ميزان غرامت بر مبناي «جبران نسبي» با لحاظ طبع و خصوصيات هر دعوا است.

According to sections 362, 390 and 391 of the Iranian Civil Code, There is no doubt as to the seller`s liability, after receiving the price, to indemnify the buyer in the case of a third party`s right to whole or part of the goods. But, the code has no provisions as to the amount the buyer is entitled to as damages. This may have resulted from the lack of consensus among Muslim legal scholars whose views have been a main source of the Iranian Civil Code. In its uniform treatment decision No. 733 dated 7/10/2014 the Plenary Assembly of Iran`s supreme court trying to end the controversy has held that in such cases the buyer is entitled to the current price of the goods. But, in fact, the supreme court has failed to reach its goal in ending the controversy through its decision due to the lack of conformity with the goals of the court issuing the upheld judgement and having no relation with the plaintiff`s claim (the current price of the goods) and therefore can be criticized as being unjust and inequitable. In this article, after discussing the different views and the consequences of the decision by the Assembly, we have reached the conclusion that the just and logical solution would be the proportionate indemnification.