پديد آورندگان :
ناروئي، آسيه دانشگاه جيرفت - گروه علوم خاك , زماني بابگهري، جواد دانشگاه جيرفت - گروه علوم خاك , كوهستاني، شاپور دانشگاه جيرفت - گروه علوم خاك , عباس زاده افشار، فريده دانشگاه جيرفت - گروه علوم و مهندسي آب
كليدواژه :
گرماكافت , پسماندهاي آلي , مديريت خاك , كشاورزي پايدار
چكيده فارسي :
ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر در ﺧـﺎك ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﯾـ ﮏ روش در دﻓـﻊ ﻣـﻮاد زاﺋـﺪ از ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ، در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮدي ﮐﻪ اﯾـ ﻦ ﻣﺎده دارد ﺗﻮﺳﻂ داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻋﻠﻮم ﺧﺎك و داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﻣـﺎ ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑ ﯿﻮﭼـﺎر در ﺧـﺎك ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﯾـ ﮏ اﺻﻼحﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﺘﻤﺎً ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎك، ﻧﻮع ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر و ﻧـﻮع ﮔ ﯿـ ﺎه
ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ و ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿـ ﺮد ﺗـﺎ ﺗـﺎﺛ ﯿﺮات ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﯾـ ﺎ ﻣﻨﻔـ ﯽ آن ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ 4 ﺗﮑﺮار ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ذرت در دو ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎك )ﺷﻨﯽ و ﻟﻮم ﺷﻨﯽ( در 5 ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد از دو ﻧﻮع ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر، ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﺑـﺮگ ﺧﺮﻣـﺎ و ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﺿﺎﯾﻌﺎت ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ )ﺻﻔﺮ، 3 ،2 ،1 و 5 درﺻﺪ وزﻧﯽ( اﻧﺠـﺎم ﺷـﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎً ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 40 واﺣﺪ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ(. ﮐﺸﺖ ﮔﯿﺎه در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫـﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﭼـﺎري اﻧﺠﺎم و در زﻣﺎن ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﮔﯿﺎه، وزن ﺧﺸﮏ اﻧﺪام ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ و رﯾﺸـﻪ اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳـﻨﮕﯿﻦ )ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ آﻫـﻦ، روي، ﻣﺲ، ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ، ﻧﯿﮑﻞ، ﺳﺮب و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻮم( در اﻧﺪام ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾـﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ذرت در اﺛﺮ ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎرﻫـﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ و در اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه در ﺧﺎك ﺷﻨﯽ
ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد و ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ و ﺑﺎﻻي اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻗـﻒ رﺷﺪ ذرت در ﺧﺎك ﺷﻨﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷـﻮري ﺧـﺎك ﻫـﺎ ﻧﺸـﺎن داد ﮐـﻪ اﻓﺰودن ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎكﻫﺎ، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺷـﻮري و در ﻧﺘﯿﺠـﻪ ﺗـﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﻧﺪام ﻫـﻮاﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﮐﺜﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﭼﻨﺪان ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗـﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺖ، ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺟﺬب آﻫﻦ در ﺧﺎك ﺷـﻨﯽ در اﺛـﺮ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﭘﺴﺘﻪ و ﻧﯿﺰ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺟـﺬب ﻣﻨﮕﻨـﺰ در اﺛـﺮ ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳـﻄﺢ 1 درﺻﺪ ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﺑﺮگ ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ، از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﺧﺮﻣﺎ در ﺳـﻄﻮح
ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺗﺎﺣﺪي ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ در ﮔﯿﺎه ﺷﺪه ﺑـﻮد . ﻧﺘـﺎﯾﺞ ﻧ ﺸـﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺤﺎﺳﻦ زﯾﺎدي ﮐﻪ از ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎرﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻤـﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎرﻫـﺎ در ﺧـﺎك ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك و رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction The application of biochar in soil as a method for disposal of organic wastes from environment has been considered by environmental scientists in recent years, due to the unique properties of these components. Biochar is a carbon-rich compound that is produced by burning different types of organic wastes under anaerobic or limited supply of oxygen, which called pyrolysis. Biochar due to its physicochemical properties such as porous structure, expanded specific surface area, high organic carbon content, active functional groups, and also high cation-exchange capacity could able to stabilize organic and mineral compounds. Many studies showed that the biochars enhance soil fertility and improve plant growth but if we want to recommend or apply a specific biochar as an amendment of soil, it's necessary to know about the effects of this biochar on the soil properties and growth of plant. So, the aim of this study was to find out the effect of two biochar (biochar of Date Palm's Leaves (DPL biochar) and biochar of Pistchio Harvesting wastes (PW biochar)) on the growth and heavy metals concentrations of Maize (Zea mays L.) under two different soil textures (Sandy and Sandy Loam).
Materials and Methods This study was conducted in a greenhouse condition on the growth of maize in two types of soil (Sandy and Sandy Loam) with application of 5 levels (0, 1, 2, 3 and 5% w/w) of two different types of biocahr (DPL biochar and PW biochar). Maize were cultivated in treatments for 38 days and at harvesting the shoot and root dry weight and shoot height were measured. Also, the concentration of heavy metals (including Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd) in plant shoots were evaluated.
Results and Discussion The result showed that the growth of maize severely decreased due to the application of the biochar and the negative effect of PW biochar was more than DPL biochar. Meanwhile, the negative effect of PW biochar on plant growth in sandy soil was more than other one (i.e. Sandy Loam soil), which medium (2 and 3% w/w) and high (5% w/w) levels of this biochar caused the plant to stop growing. Also application of 5% of DPL biochar in Sandy Loam soil caused in a decrease of about 19, 69 and 72% in plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight of maize in compared with control (without biochar application in this soil), respectively and these ratios were about 15, 44 and 31% with application of 3% DPL biochar; while with application of 3% of PW biochar in sandy loam soil has decreased plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight of maize about 17, 53 and 37%, in compared to control respectively. These results approved the greater negative effect of PW biochar on plant growth. Assessment of soil
