ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ي ﮔﺬران اوﻗﺎت ﻓﺮاﻏﺖ در ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻨﺪان: ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮا ي ﮐﯿﻔﯽ

Determination and Analysis of Leisure Time Patterns in the Elderly: Qualitative Content Analysis *

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: از آﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺸـﺎرﮐﺖ در ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﯽ، ﺳـﻼﻣﺖ ﺟﺴـﻤﯽ و رواﻧﯽ ﺳـﺎﻟﻤﻨﺪان را ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﯽﺑﺨﺸـﺪ، در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﯽ ﺳــﺎﻟﻤﻨﺪان ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف آﺷــﮑﺎرﺳــﺎزي ﻣﺸــﮑﻼت، ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬاران ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻗﺮاردادي ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﮐﻪ در آن ﺑﺮاﺳــﺎس ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ، 21 ﺳـﺎﻟﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻻي 60 ﺳـﺎل ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ و ﺟﻤﻊآوري دادهﻫﺎ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺼـﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻧﯿﻤﻪﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎرﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ اﺷـﺒﺎع دادهﻫﺎ در ﺳـﺎل 1397ﺻـﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. از ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﯿﺖ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدي ﮔﻮﺑﺎ و ﻟﯿﻨﮑﻦ ﺑﺮاي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺻﺤﺖ دادهﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﺳــﻪ ﻣﻀــﻤﻮن اﺻــﻠﯽ ﺷــﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ از: ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي اوﻗﺎت ﻓﺮاﻏﺖ، ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻣﺸــﺎرﮐﺖ در ﻓﻌـﺎﻟﯿـﺖﻫـﺎي اوﻗـﺎت ﻓﺮاﻏـﺖ و ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ اوﻗـﺎت ﻓﺮاﻏـﺖ. ﻫﺸـــﺖ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ اﺻـــﻠﯽ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺢ، ورزش، ﺗﻌـﺎﻣﻼت اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﯽ، اﺳـﺘﺮاﺣﺖ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﻨﺮي، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ، رﺳـﺎﻧﻪ، ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاﺋﺾ دﯾﻨﯽ، از آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ دادهﻫﺎ اﺳـﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷـﺪ. راﯾﺞﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي اوﻗﺎت ﻓﺮاﻏﺖ در ﺳـﺎﻟﻤﻨﺪان، ﺗﻤﺎﺷـﺎي ﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮن، ﭘﯿﺎدهروي، رﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎرك و رﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴـﺎﺟﺪ ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻣﺸـﺎرﮐﺖ در ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﯽ، ﻣﺸـﮑﻼت اﻗﺘﺼـﺎدي، ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﯽ ﺟﺴـﻤﯽ و دﺳـﺘﺮﺳـﯽ ﻧﺪاﺷـﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴـﻬﯿﻼت ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﯽ ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ راﯾﺞﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﯽ در ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻨﺪان و ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ در ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﯽ، ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎ و ﺳـﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﺴـﺌﻮل ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪارك ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺤﯽ، ورزﺷـﯽ، آﻣﻮزﺷـﯽ و ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﯿﺎده روي و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻨﯽﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮن و در دﺳﺘﺮس ﻗﺮار دادن اﯾﻦ ﺗﺪارﮐﺎت، زﻣﯿﻨﻪ رﻓﺎه و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻨﺪان را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ.

Background: Since participation in leisure activities improves the physical and mental health of the elderly, in this study, the leisure patterns of the elderly are explained and analyzed to reveal the problems, needs and barriers of leisure for policy makers. Materials & Methods: This qualitative study was conducted by using conventional content analysis. 21 elderly people over 60 years old were selected based on purposive sampling with maximum diversity and data were collected through semi-structured interviews and continued till data saturation was occurred in 2019. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the data, four criteria of acceptability, reliability, transmission capability and the capability of the proposed approval of Goba and Lincoln were used. Results: Three main themes of the study were included of leisure activities, barriers to participation in leisure activities and factors affecting leisure. The eight main categories of "recreation", "sport", "social interaction", "rest", "artistic activity", "cultural activity", "media" and "religious beliefs" were extracted from the data analysis. The most common leisure activities for the elderly were watching television, hiking, going to parks and mosques. The most important barriers to non-participation in leisure activities were economic problems, disability and lack of access. Conclusion: Due to the most common leisure activities in the elderly and barriers to non-participation in leisure activities, the provision of recreational, educational and religious programs by responsible institutions and organizations and their availability can provide welfare and health of the elderly.