رﺑﺎ اﻧﮕﺎريِ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ زﯾﺎدﺗﯽ در ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﺎت، ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮدي ﺑﺮ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻨﺎﯾﯽ اﯾﺮان

The General Theory of Excessively Absolute Usury in Exchanges

ﺟﺮم اﻧﮕﺎري رﺑﺎ، ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﻓﻘﻬﯽ در ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎدل اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﺎزار اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻣﮑﺘﻮب ﻓﻘﻪ اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ، از اﺧﺘﻼف ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ در ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻼكﻫﺎي رﺑﺎ اﻧﮕﺎري ﮔﺰارش ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺗﮑﺎي ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﮐﯿﻔﺮي اﯾﺮان ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻮن ﻓﻘﻪ اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ، اﯾﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف، از ﻧﻘﺸﯽ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮ و اﺛﺮ ﮔﺬار ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮم اﻧﮕﺎري رﺑﺎ در ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻨﺎﯾﯽ اﯾﺮان، ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺸﻬﻮر ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎري از رواﯾﺎت، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ رواﯾﺎت ﺿﻌﯿﻒ، اﺟﻤﺎع ﻣﺪرﮐﯽ و ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ اﮐﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎت ﻗﺮآﻧﯽ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ رﺑﺎ، اﺗﺤﺎد در ﺟﻨﺲ و ﮐﯿﻠﯽ ﯾﺎ وزﻧﯽ ﺑﻮدن ﻋﻮﺿﺎن را ﻣﻼك رﺑﺎ اﻧﮕﺎري ﻣﯽداﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن، ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن ﻣﻼك ﻋﺪدي، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻼكﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر، ﻋﻤﻼً، از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻢ رﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، ﺗﺠﻮﯾﺰ رﺑﺎ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﯽ و ﻧﯿﺰ روﯾﻪي ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﺸﺘﺖ را از آﺛﺎر ﭘﺬﯾﺮش دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮد. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﺮات ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ، اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ را اﺛﺒﺎت و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد ﮐﻪ رواﯾﺎت ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﻣﺸﻬﻮر، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮف زﻣﺎن ﺻﺪور آنﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﺎت ﻗﺪﯾﻢ، ﻧﺎﻇﺮ و ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﭘﺬﯾﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ زﻣﺎن و ﻣﮑﺎن را ﻧﺪارد؛ ﺣﺎل اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎت آﯾﺎت ﻗﺮآن، ﺑﺮ رﺑﺎ اﻧﮕﺎري ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺮط اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ارزش اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻋﻮﺿﺎن در ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﺎت، اﻋﻢ از ﻗﺮﺿﯽ و ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﯽ، دﻻﻟﺖ دارد.

The criminalization of usury is one of the most important jurisprudential tools in maintaining the economic balance of society and protecting and controlling the market. The review of the written literature of Imamiyyah jurisprudence reports the strong disagreement of Imamiyyah jurists in determining the criteria of usury, and considering the reliance of Iran's criminal laws on the texts of Imamiyyah jurisprudence, this difference plays a significant and effective role on the criminalization of usury in Iran's criminal policy. has The famous Imami jurists, citing a number of hadiths, including weak hadiths, consensus of evidence, and the allocation of most of the Qur'anic generalities regarding riba, consider the unity of gender and weight or the weight of change to be the criterion of usury. Some jurists, by adding a numerical criterion to the mentioned criteria, have practically reduced the importance of prohibiting usury. Political expediency, the prescription of usury in the form of banking laws, and scattered judicial procedure can be counted among the effects of accepting the mentioned point of view. The present article, by examining the basis of Imami jurists' opinions, proves and concludes that the traditions quoted by the famous, according to the custom of the time of their issuance, are based on ancient exchanges and are unique and can be generalized to any time. an‎d does not have the place; However, the generality of the verses of the Qur'an indicates usury in any condition of added economic value of the exchange in all exchanges, both loans and transactions