بازانديشي سياست جنايي فقه جزاي اماميه قبال جرائم سياسي (با رويكرد بر جرايم: بغي، محاربه و ارتداد)

Rethinking the criminal policy of Imami criminal jurisprudence against political crimes ) With an approach to crimes: prostitution, moharebeh and apostasy(

ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﺮي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺟﺮم و اﻧﺤﺮاف، داراي واﮐﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺟﺮم و اﻧﺤﺮاف و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺴﮏ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻞ ﺣﺪاﻗﻠﯽ ﺑﻮدن ﺣﻘﻮق ﺟﺰا، از ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﺮي ﺑﻪ اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت ﺧﻮدداري ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ و واﮐﻨﺶ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آنﻫﺎ را ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪهي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻧﯽ آن ﻣﯽﻧﻬﻨﺪ. ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼً، ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار از ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻨﺎﯾﯽ اﻗﺘﺪارﮔﺮاي ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ، اﯾﻦ ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ را ﻧﻤﯽﭘﺬﯾﺮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪي ﻣﺪاﺧﻠﻪ و ﺟﺮم اﻧﮕﺎري ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮي، ﺑﻪ اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت ﻧﯿﺰ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﯽ ﮐﯿﻔﺮي و ﺳﺮﮐﻮﺑﮕﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ. اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺟﺰاﺋﯽ اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺟﺮم اﻧﮕﺎري ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﻪ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺷﻤﻮل اﻃﻼق آن ﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪي ﺣﺪي: ﺑﻐﯽ، ﻣﺤﺎرﺑﻪ و ارﺗﺪاد ﻣﯽرود، در ﮐﺪاﻣﯿﮏ از ﮔﺮاﯾﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر، ﻗﺮار دارد، ﻫﺪﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪي ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﻪ، در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و ﻣﺘﻮن ﻓﻘﻪ ﺟﺰاﺋﯽ اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ، ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪي ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ، ﻣﺘﺮﺻﺪ ﻧﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ آن اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ، اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ را ﮔﺰارش ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻧﻈﺎم ﮐﯿﻔﺮي اﺳﻼم، ﺑﺮ ﺗﻀﯿﯿﻖ داﻣﻨﻪي ﺟﺮم اﻧﮕﺎري ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪي ﺣﺪي: ﺑﻐﯽ، ﻣﺤﺎرﺑﻪ و ارﺗﺪاد، اﺳﺘﻮار اﺳﺖ و ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﺎر و رﻓﺘﺎر اﻓﺮاد، از ﺻِﺮف ﺑﯿﺎن و اﺑﺮاز ﻋﻘﯿﺪهي ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ ﻧﺮود، در ﺷﻤﻮل ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر، ﻗﺮار ﻧﺪارد.

Different penal systems have different reactions to crime and perversion; Some legal systems, by distinguishing between the concept of crime and deviation and relying on the principle of minimal criminal law, avoid criminal responses to deviations and respond equally to society and its civil institutions. Conversely, systems with pervasive authoritarian criminal policies do not accept this distinction and respond to deviations in a criminal and repressive manner based on maximum intervention and criminalization. The criminal policy of Imami criminal jurisprudence regarding the criminalization of the extreme criminal titles: fornication, moharebeh and apostasy, which are also considered to be included in the title of political crime, here in which of the mentioned tendencies? The present article, by examining the above mentioned issues of Imami criminal jurisprudence, amimed to archive principles of jurisprudence. The study reports the conclusion that the Islamic penal system is based on narrowing the scope of criminalization of the criminal titles of the limit: adultery, moharebeh and apostasy, and as long as the speech and behavior of individuals, only the expression and Do not go beyond expressing an opinion contrary to Islamic rule, it is not included in the mentioned criminal titles.