ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ ﺑﯿﻊ ﭘﻮل اﻋﺘﺒﺎري

Criticism of the jurisprudential bases of selling credit currency

ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ در دﻧﯿﺎي اﻣﺮوز و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ آن، رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي ﺑﺸﺮي، ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻋﻘﻮد و ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﮔﺮاﯾﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪي آنﻫﺎ، ﺧﺮﯾﺪ و ﻓﺮوش ﭘﺪﯾﺪهي ﻣﻬﻢ و ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ ﭘﻮل اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺰوم اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از رﺑﺎ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ دﻗﺖ و ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﻓﻘﻬﺎء، درﺑﺎرهي ﺑﯿﻊ ﭘﻮل ﮔﺸﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ، درﺑﺎرهي ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻊ ﭘﻮل اﻋﺘﺒﺎري، ﻧﻈﺮات ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ اراﺋﻪ دادهاﻧﺪ. ﻋﺪهاي از ﻓﻘﻬﺎي ﺷﯿﻌﻪ، ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ادﻟﻪاي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ: ﻋﺪم ﺷﻤﻮل ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺑﯿﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ و ﻓﺮوش ﭘﻮل اﻋﺘﺒﺎري؛ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﯿﻊ، در ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪي ﻋﻮﺿﯿﻦ ﻫﻤﺠﻨﺲ؛ ﻋﺪم ﻗﺼﺪ ﺟﺪي ﻣﺘﺒﺎﯾﻌﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﻊ اﺳﮑﻨﺎس؛ و رﺑﻮي ﺑﻮدن اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت، ﺑﯿﻊ ﭘﻮل اﻋﺘﺒﺎري را ﺟﺎﯾﺰ ﻧﻤﯽداﻧﻨﺪ؛ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼً، ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ از ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ، ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ادﻟﻪاي ﻧﻈﯿﺮ: ﻋﺪم ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﺣﮑﺎم ﺑﯿﻊ ﺻﺮف، در ﺧﺮﯾﺪ و ﻓﺮوش اﺳﮑﻨﺎس؛ ﺻﺪق ﻋﺮﻓﯽ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﯿﻊ، ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪي اﺳﮑﻨﺎس؛ ﻋﺪم ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺣﮑﻢ رﺑﺎ در ﺑﯿﻊ ﭘﻮل اﻋﺘﺒﺎري، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﮑﯿﻞ و ﻣﻮزون ﻧﺒﻮدن ﭘﻮل؛ و ﻓﻘﺪان ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﺷﺮﻋﯽ و ﻋﺮﻓﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت، ﺑﯿﻊ ﭘﻮل اﻋﺘﺒﺎري را ﺟﺎﯾﺰ ﻣﯽداﻧﻨﺪ. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ آراء و ﻣﺘﻮن ﻓﻘﻬﯽ ﻓﻘﻬﺎي ﺷﯿﻌﻪ، ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﻮل ﻣﺠﻮّزﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻊ ﭘﻮل اﻋﺘﺒﺎري، ﺻﺤﯿﺢ اﺳﺖ؛ ﻣﮕﺮ در ﻣﻮاردي ﮐﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ از ﺑﯿﻊ، ﻓﺮار از رﺑﺎ و ﻋﺪم دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮد ﺟﻮﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ.

The development of human societies in today's world, and as a result, the growth and diversity of human needs, has led to the expansion of transactions. It is like a transaction, an important and all-encompassing phenomenon of money. The need to avoid usury is the reason for the sensitivity of jurists regarding money transactions. Imami jurists have presented various opinions about the legitimacy of selling credit money. Some Shia jurists, based on the evidence of the non-inclusion of the concept of sale in relation to the purchase and sale of credit money; Non-fulfillment of the sale, in the exchange of same-sex changers; The lack of serious intention of the loyalists towards the sale of banknotes; an‎d the usury of such transactions does not allow the sale of credit money. Another group of Imamiyya jurists, based on the evidence of the non-existence of the provisions of mere sale, in the purchase and sale of banknotes; The customary validity of the title of sale, for the absolute nature of the banknote transaction; Absence of usury rule in the sale of credit money, due to the fact that the money is not legal and balanced; an‎d the lack of legal and customary obstacles in such transactions, they consider the sale of credit money as correct. The present article, by studying the jurisprudential texts of Shia jurists, has reached the conclusion that the opinion of those who permit the sale of credit money is correct when the intention of the sale is not to avoid usury and not to seek profit.