دستور زبان شكل خانه‌هاي سنتي كاشان: بررسي ساختار شكلي و روابط فضايي 19 خانه تاريخي كاشان

shape Grammar of Kashan’s traditional Houses: Investigation of the formal structure and spatial relations of 19 historical houses of Kashan

ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ از ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ، ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ، ﺷﮑﻠﯽ و ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن ﺷﮑﻞ اﺑﺰاري ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺒﮏﻫﺎ و ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﯾﮏزﺑﺎن ﻣﺸﺘﺮك و ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ، ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ و ﯾﮑﭙﺎرﭼﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﺗﺤﻮﻻت زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ دارد. اﻫﺪاف : در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮔﺎم ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ اﯾﻦ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﯾﮏ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن ﺷﮑﻞ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﮐﺎﺷﺎن، ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﺑﺰار و روش ﻫﺎ : از ﺻﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯿﺮاﺛﯽ، 19ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎبﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ و ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ، ﻗﻮاﻋﺪي ﺣﺪاﻗﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷﮑﻠﯽ و ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ اراﺋﻪﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن اراﺋﻪﺷﺪه در 4ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ، ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﮑﻠﯽ و رواﺑﻂ ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن اﺷﮑﺎل را ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣ ﯽﮐﻨﺪ. داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎ و ﺑﯿﺎن ﺟﺒﺮي اراﺋﻪﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن، ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. در ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﺷﺎن ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ، ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺮض 5 ﭘﯿﻤﻮن، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ 7ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻓﺮاز ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ازﻧﻈﺮ رواﺑﻂ ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن اﺟﺰا ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان 5 ﮔﻮﻧﮥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ از رواﺑﻂ ﻣﯿﺎن اﺟﺰ اي داﺧﻠﯽ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺷﺮح داده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي : دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن اراﺋﻪﺷﺪه ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻤﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣ ﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﺰاري ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽﻫﺎي ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﻣﻮرداﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد. اﻣﮑﺎن ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﯿﺎن ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت را اﻧﺴﺠﺎم ﺑﺨﺸﺪ.

Aims: Iranian architecture has been studied from different aspects. Shape Grammar is an analytical tool for studying the styles and history of architecture that has the ability to provide a common language and conceptual framework, a coherent and integrated form to study the geographical differences and evolution of Iranian architecture. In this research, the first step to compile this common grammar of Iranian architecture has been taken by compiling a grammar of a specific form related to the traditional houses of Kashan. Materials & Methods: Out of 100 heritage houses, 19 samples were selected by random / judgmental sampling method. By analyzing the samples, minimal rules are presented. Findings: The grammar presented in 4 steps produces the formal structure and the spatial relationships between the forms. A valid range of variables and an algebraic expression are presented. Also, with the help of grammar, the spaces in the samples have been typologized. In Kashan houses, the most important spaces, spaces with a width of 5, can be divided into 7 types based on the shape structure. In terms of spatial relationships between components, 5 specific types of relationships between the internal components of each of the previous form structures can be identified, which are described in the findings section. Conclusion: The proposed grammar can be a coherent structure for the study of Iranian architecture. It can also be used as a suitable tool for typology. Provide the possibility of comparison as well as the relationship between different species and make the studies coherent