ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻬﯽ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﺧﻔﺮي و ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا

Describing the Divine Knowledge From the Point of View of Allameh Khafri and Mulla Sadra

ﯾﮑﯽ از اوﺻﺎف ﺛﺒﻮﺗﯽ و ﮐﻤﺎﻟﯽ و ذاﺗﯽ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ، ﻋﻠﻢ اﺳﺖ. ﺧﺪاي ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ذات ﺧﻮد و ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات آﮔﺎه اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﺧﻔﺮي ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا ﻣﯽزﯾﺴﺘﻪ، ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات در ﻣﻘﺎم ذات ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ دارد ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﯽ، ﺧﻄﺎﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ و ﺑﺪون ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺪون ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﯽ از اﺻﺎﻟﺖ وﺟﻮد و ﺑﺪون آﻧﮑﻪ ﮐﻮﭼﮏﺗﺮﯾﻦ آﺳﯿﺒﯽ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺤﺖ و ﺻﺮف و ﺑﺴﯿﻂﺑﻮدن ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ، وﺟﻮد ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ را ﺑﻪ ذات ﺧﻮﯾﺶ، ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﺷﯿﺎ و ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎت را در ﻣﻘﺎم ذات ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﯽرﺳﺎﻧﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ از روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده و اﺧﺘﻼف و ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ در آراء ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﺧﻔﺮي و ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺜﻼً ﻫﺮ دو ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻬﯽ را ازﻟﯽ و ﻋﯿﻦ ذات اﻟﻬﯽ داﻧﺴﺘﻪاﻧﺪ و ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ در ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ذات ﺧﻮﯾﺶ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﺎﺳﻮي ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ دارد؛ ﮐﻪ در ﻋﯿﻦ ﺣﺎل، ﮐﺎﺷﻒ از ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﻣﺎﺳﻮي اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﺧﻔﺮي ﺑﺎ اراﺋﻪ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺣﺼﺎر ﺻﻮر ﻣﺮﺗﺴﻤﻪ را از ﭘﯿﺶ رو ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ واﺟﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮐﻤﺎﻟﯽ اﺟﻤﺎﻟﯽ و ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﻀﻮري، ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﻀﻮريِ ﺑﺎريﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ذات و ﻗﺒﻞ و ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﯾﺠﺎد اﺷﯿﺎء را اﺛﺒﺎت ﮐﺮده و در ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮي اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﺻﺪراﯾﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا در ﺣﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺳﻮي در ﻣﺮﺗﺒﮥ ذات، از ﻗﺎﻋﺪه »ﺑﺴﯿﻂ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﮥ ﮐﻞ اﻻﺷﯿﺎء« ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪي ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻠﯽ و ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺑﺎ ذات واﺟﺐ" ﮐﻪ از اﺑﺘﮑﺎرات او ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ.

Knowledge is one of the defining, perfect and essential attributes of God. God Almighty is all-aware of his own and also is aware of the creatures' essences. Allameh Khafri – who lived before Mulla Sadra - believes that God has actual knowledge of all creatures in the staion of essence, which is infinite, infallible and unchanging. Mulla Sadra - without any deviation from "ontological fundumentality of existence", and without any conflict to "pure existence" and Gods’s "mere existence and the being non-composite", proves the Divine knowledge to his essence, all things and entities in the station of essence. This article has utilized a descriptive-analytical method, and shows that apart from their disagreements, there can also be found some some similar views between them. For example, both have considered the Divine knowledge to be eternal and the same as the Divine essence and believe that God, in His essence, has a non-composite knowledge of all beings other than Himself, which simultaneously shows the descriptions of the other beings. by presenting his new viewpoint, Allameh Khafri has removed the fence of "Mortsameh" images.And by dividing the knowledge of the necessary existance into general and detailed perfection knowledge based on presential, he has proven the Divine knowledge of the His essence as well as His knowledge of the things before and after their the creation and has been is influential in the formation of Sadra's thought. In solving the problem of the Divine knowledge of the things other than God, Mulla Sadra has utilized the rule of "Basit alhaghighe" (the non-composite thing is the whole things) and has explained the theory of "detailed knowledge which is united with the necessary being", which is one of his innovations.