ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﮥ ﻇﻬﻮر ﺗﺼﺪﯾﻘﯽ و ﻧﻔﯽ ﺗﺄوﯾﻞ در آﯾﺎت ﺻﻔﺎت ﺧﺒﺮي

Review and Critique of "Affirmative Signification" and Negation of "Allegorical Interpretation" in the Verses of Narrative Attributes

ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮي ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه در آﯾﺎت ﺻﻔﺎت ﺧﺒﺮي، روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﺄوﯾﻞ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻮم ﻣﻌﺘﺰﻟﻪ و ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺷﯿﻌﯿﺎن ﺑﺮ ﻟﺰوم آن -اﻟﺒﺘّﻪ در ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ و ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺧﺎصّ- ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ. در ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ، ﻏﺎﻟﺐ اﻫﻞ ﺳﻨّﺖ از اﻫﻞ ﺣﺪﯾﺚ، ﺳﻠﻔﯿﺎن و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﺷﻌﺮيﻣﺬﻫﺒﺎن ﻇﺎﻫﺮﮔﺮاﯾﻨﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن، ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﻣﺘﮑﻠّﻤﺎن ﺷﯿﻌﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎ اراﺋﮥ ﻧﻈﺮﯾّﮥ ﺟﺪﯾﺪي ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان آن را »ﻇﻬﻮر ﺗﺼﺪﯾﻘﯽ« ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪ، راه ﺳﻮﻣﯽ را در ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎور ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻮد ﺑﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ رواﺳﺖ و ﻧﻪ ﺗﺄوﯾﻞ و ﺗﺼﺮّف در آﯾﺎت ﺑﺠﺎﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟّﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮاﺋﻦ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ و ﻣﻌﻨﻮيِ ﮐﻼﻣﯽ و ﻋﻘﻠﯽ، ﮐﻼم را ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﺎن ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺧﻮد ﺣﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ و ﺑﺪون دﺳﺖﮐﺸﯿﺪن از ﻇﺎﻫﺮِ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮاﺋﻦ، ﻣﻌﻨﺎي درﺳﺖ و ﻣﻘﺼﻮد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪه را ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﺑﯿﺎورﯾﻢ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ-اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي، اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾّﻪ از اﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻧﻘﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ واﻗﻌﺎً اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾّﻪ، ﺟﺪا از ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﺗﺄوﯾﻞ اﺳﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ دو ادﺑﯿّﺎت ﮔﻔﺘﺎري. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ، ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ رﺳﯿﺪهاﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف اﯾﻦ دو ﻧﻈﺮﯾّﻪ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﺗﺄوﯾﻞ، ﺻﻮري و ﺑﻪ اﺻﻄﻼح، ﻟﻔﻈﯽ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ واﻗﻌﯽ و ﻣﻌﻨﻮي.

One of the most important interpretive approaches, especially in the verses of narrative attributes, is the approach of allegorical interpretation. The Mutazilites and the majority of Shiites believe in the necessity of allegorical interpretation, but within the framework of special rules and regulations. On the other hand, the majority of Sunnis, including the Ahl-ul-hadith, the Salafis and most of the Asharites are inclined toward exoteric meanings. Meanwhile, some contemporary Shiite theologians have taken a third approach by presenting a new theory that can be called "affirmative signification" and believe that insisting on the initial exoteric meaning and interpreting and changing the meaning of the verses are both incorrect. Rather, they should be understood based on their exoteric meaning, considering both verbal and non-verbal philosophical and rational evidences. Hence, without neglecting the exoteric meaning obtained from the sentence in accordance with the evidences, we can get the correct meaning and the real purpose of the author. Using analytical-critical method based on library sources, the mentioned theory is examined and criticized in this article to find out whether it is really separate from the theory of allegorical interpretation or the same, but with two different expressions. Finally, it is concluded that the difference of the two theories in some terms of interpretation is superficial and verbal, technically speaking, not real and semantic