تحليل شخصيت هاي تمثيلي شاهنامه از منظر گفتمان انسان شناسانه فردوسي

An alysis of the allegorical characters of Shahnameh from the perspective of Ferdowsi anthropological discourse

ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ در ﻧﮕﺎه اول ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮل ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﺪﻳﺚ رﺳﺘﻢ و داﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﻤĤورديﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﻣﺎ اﻧﺪﻛﻲ آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ـ اﺳﻄﻮرهاي و ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ در آن، ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ را ﺳﺮوده، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد: ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ از ﺑﻴﺎن ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ در ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ و ﭼﺮا اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ؟ و آﻳﺎ رﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن اﻧﺴﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪي اﻋﻼي ﻳﻚ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در روح ﺟﻤﻌﻲ و ﺗﻮاﻧﺶ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اﻳﺮان ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ؟ ﻳﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻮع در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ؟ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺆاﻻت و ﻓﻬﻢ آﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ رﻣﺰ و ﻣﻌﻨﺎي)ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ( ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه ذﻫﻦ و زﺑﺎن اوﺳﺖ، ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي،در ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﺟﻬﺎنﺑﻴﻨﻲ و اﻧﺪﻳﺸﺔ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ـ اﺳﻼﻣﻲ را ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ، ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ در ﭘﺮدازش ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖﻫﺎي داﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ آﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ دو ﻧﻮع ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺧﻴﺮ و ﺷﺮ را ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎي دوره ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻮداري از ﭼﻬﺮهﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻔﻲ و ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﻲ و رواﺑﻂ ﻗﺪرت ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﭘﺪﻳﺪار ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. رﺳﺘﻢ و اﻓﺮاﺳﻴﺎب ﻛﻼنﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ دو ﮔﺮوه از ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻮب و ﺑﺪ در ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ زواﻳﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ آن در ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺿﺤﺎك ﻣﺎردوش، ﺳﻴﺎوش، ﮔﺮدآﻓﺮﻳﺪ، ﺳﻮداﺑﻪ،ﭘﻴﺮانوﻳﺴﻪ و ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ ﭼﻨﺪﻻﻳﻪ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻣﻲﺑﺨﺸﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ آن را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪاي ـ ﻧﻤﺎدﻳﻦ ﺑﺪل ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a hypertext that depicts the identity of Iranian-Islamic man from pre-Islamic to the fifth century in an allegorical way. In processing the characters of Shahnameh stories, Ferdowsi consciously introduces two types of characters, good and evil, based on the discourses of the period. Each of the characters can be allegorically represented as a Scheme of negative and positive figures that have emerged due to class worldviews and power relations. Rostam and Afrasiab, as representatives of two groups of characters, due to the change in the literary type of the text and Ferdowsi's discourse with these characters, show an allegory of good and bad human components. Using allegory, Ferdowsi gives an allegorical form to some of the characters of Shahnameh and considers each of them as an allegory of one or more concepts, such as Rostam, Zahak, etc., each of which is an allegory of different concepts such as good and evil. Love, wisdom, religion, wisdom, etc. are other concepts that Ferdowsi, with an allegorical look, depicts his content and thoughts in order to manifest his anthropological thought