بررسي نقش تمثيل در اعتراضات فردي ـ اجتماعي شكواييه‌هاي مثنوي مولانا

Investigating the role of allegory in individual-social protests of Rumi's Masnavi complaints

ﺳﺮﺷﺖ آدﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ و داﺳﺘﺎنﭘﺮدازي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﻓﻄﺮي دارد. از اﻳﻦ رو ﻳﻜﻲ از روشﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ و ﺑﻼﻏﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻛﺘﺐ آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ آن ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﻲ از آن ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه، ارﺳﺎلاﻟﻤﺜﻞ اﺳﺖ. زﻳﺮا ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ از اﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮه ﺳﺒﺐ اﺛﺮﮔﺬاري ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و از ﺧﺸﻜﻲ و ﻣﻼلاﻧﮕﻴﺰي ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ و ﻣﻮﻋﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﺎﻫﺪ و ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ژرفﺗﺮ و ﻋﻤﻴﻖﺗﺮ در ذﻫﻦ و ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻣﻲﮔﺬارد. اﻋﺘﺮاض ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺑﺴﺎﻣﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎي اﺧﻼﻗﻲ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﺧﻼﻗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﺎي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻲﻋﺪاﻟﺘﻲﻫﺎ و ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺪي ﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ادﺑﻴﺎت ﮔﺬاﺷﺖ و از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻣﺜﻨﻮي ﻣﻮﻟﻮي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻋﺘﺮاض، ﺷﻜﻮه و ﮔﻼﻳﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﻣﻮﻟﻮي ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻋﺘﺮاض ﻧﺎﺑﺴﺎﻣﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ را ﭘﺮرﻧﮓﺗﺮ و ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﺳﺎزد. در ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷﻴﻮه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ در اﻋﺘﺮاﺿﺎت ﻓﺮدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺜﻨﻮي ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ در ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻋﺘﺮاﺿﻲ در ﻣﺜﻨﻮي ﭼﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ و اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ دارد و ﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ از ﭼﻪ ﺷﮕﺮدي ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﻧﺪ. ﻫﺪف از اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﮕﺮشﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي و ﺷﻜﻮاﻳﻴﻪﻫﺎي اﻋﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ در ﻣﺜﻨﻮي ﺑﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺎد ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ و ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ و داﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ در اﻧﻌﻜﺎس ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎريﻫﺎي ﻓﺮدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ در ﻣﺜﻨﻮي ﻣﻌﻨﻮي ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺜﻨﻮي ﺳﺒﺐ اﺛﺮﮔﺬاري ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﻋﺘﺮاﺿﺎت ﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاي از اﻋﺘﺮاﺿﺎت ﻣﺜﻨﻮي ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دارد و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و دردﻫﺎي آن ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻳﻜﻲ از اﺻﻠﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ دﻏﺪﻏﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.

Human nature is innately compatible with allegory and storytelling. Hence, one of the teaching and rhetorical methods that has been used in the heavenly books and consequently mystical books is sending proverbs. Because the proper use of this method causes a better effect and reduces the dryness and boredom of teaching and preaching, followed by a deeper and deeper impact on the mind and conscience of the audience. Among Persian-speaking speakers, few can be found who, like Rumi, have understood the role of allegory in understanding and conveying concepts to the audience and have used it in the most intelligent way. The importance of allegory in Masnavi is such that if we separate proverbs and anecdotes from it, nothing will remain but "the milk of the dream and the tail and the tears". (Zamani, 1385: 859) Protest against the moral and social disorders of the society is one of the moral issues that seriously entered the field of literature due to some injustices and discrimination. Complaints and grievances are dedicated to Rumi trying to make his protest against the unrest more vivid and prominent by using the allegory. In the present article, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, based on the method of library studies, the role of allegory in the individual and social protests of Masnavi has been studied. What is the role and importance of allegory in expressing protest concepts in Masnavi and Rumi has used a trick for this purpose are the main questions of the present study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the critical attitudes and protests of Rumi in Masnavi based on allegory and explain the role and effect of allegory and allegorical stories in the reflection of individual and social anomalies in the spiritual Masnavi. The results of the research indicate that Masnavi allegories have caused a better effect of Rumi's protests. Also, a large part of Masnavi's protests is dedicated to social issues, and attention to society and its pains has always been one of Rumi's main concerns.