ﺣﺪود ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺷﺮط ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮ

Limits of the effect of the liability condition on the tenant without fault

ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﮐﻠﯽ، ﻣﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﺗﻠﻒ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻘﺺ در ﻣﻮرد اﺟﺎره ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻌﺪي و ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻂ، ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪاي ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎب ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ اﺳﺖ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﻮدن ﻣﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺣﮑﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺷﺮط ﺗﺸﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺟﺮ ﻧﻤﻮد؟ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اﯾﻦ ﻗﺮارداد در ﻋﺮف و اﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪن ﻗﺮارداد اﺟﺎره در رواﺑﻂ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻻزم و ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺷﺮط ﻣﺬﮐﻮر را ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ آن ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﺎي ذات ﻋﻘﺪ اﺟﺎره ﺑﺎﻃﻞ و ﻣﺒﻄﻞ ﻋﻘﺪ داﻧﺴﺘﻪ و ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮازﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﻋﯽ و ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ آن را ﺑﺎﻃﻞ اﻣﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﻄﻞ داﻧﺴﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ ﺟﻮﻫﺮه اﺻﻠﯽ ﻗﺮارداد اﺟﺎره، ﺗﻤﻠﯿﮏ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻮرد اﺟﺎره اﺳﺖ، ﻣﻊاﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮ ﺧﻼف ﻣﻘﺘﻀﺎي اﺟﺎره ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. اﻣﺎ از آﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮارداد اﺟﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺣﮑﻢ ﺻﺮﯾﺢ ﻣﺎده 493 و 614 ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺪﻧﯽ اﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد، ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮازن و ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﻘﻮق و ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﺷﺮط ﻣﺬﮐﻮر، در ﺻﺤﺖ آن ﺗﺮدﯾﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد..

As a general rule, the tenant is not liable for any loss or defect in the lease unless there is a breach. Rented? Explaining the situation of such a condition, considering the importance and application of this contract in custom and trust, is considered a lease contract in social relations is very necessary and essential. Some have considered the mentioned condition invalid and invalid due to its opposition to the requirements of the nature of the lease contract, and some have considered it invalid but invalid due to their opposition to the Shari'a and legal norms. It seems that the main essence of the lease agreement is the possession of the leased interest, however, being a guarantor of the tenant is not against the requirements of the lease. However, since the lease agreement is considered as an explicit provision of Articles 493 and 614 of the Civil Code, its validity may be questioned due to the imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties under the said condition.