قانون حاكم بر تعهدات در عقود الكترونيكي

Law governing obligations in electronic contracts

ﻣﺤﯿﻂ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ، ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺪرﻧﺘﺮﯾﻦ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ اﻧﻌﻘﺎد ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ و اﯾﻔﺎي ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از آن، ﺑﻮﯾﮋه در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺗﺠﺎرﺗﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر، ﺷﮑﻞ و ﻫﻤﮕﻮﻧﯽ آن ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ و ﻣﻘﺮرات ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺪﻧﯽ راﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ، ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺟﺪﯾﺪي اﺳﺖ، ﮐﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ آن، ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ و ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻓﻨﺎوري ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه در اﯾﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ دارد. ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ آﯾﺎ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ، ﻗﺮارداد اﻟﺰام آوري ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﺎﮐﻢ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. اﺛﺒﺎت زﻣﺎن و ﻣﮑﺎن اﻧﻌﻘﺎد ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽآﯾﺪ. ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺠﺎرت اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺗﻌﺎرﺿﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ و ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ و ﺗﺠﺎري ﻧﺪارد، اﻣﺎ اﻧﺴﺠﺎم و ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ و ﻣﻘﺮرات ﺷﮑﻠﯽ و ﻓﻨﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ، در ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﯾﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ در ﺗﺠﺎرت اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﻧﻈﺮي و از ﻧﻮع ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮا اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ و ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺳﻌﯽ در اراﺋﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺮوزه ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮارداد در ﺣﺎل ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪن از ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻣﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺿﺮورﺗﯽ ﻧﺪارد ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﺎﮐﻢ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﻗﺮارداد از ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮارداد دارﻧﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ را ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻄﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ داد، اﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮان آن را ﻣﻌﻠﻖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﺮد. در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ، اﻧﻌﻘﺎد اﯾﻦ ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ در ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت و ﺟﺪﯾﺪ، داراي ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻘﻮد و ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ آنﻫﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

The electronic environment of the Internet is one of the most modern means of concluding contracts and fulfilling the obligations arising from it, especially in the field of commercial transactions. The nature of electronic contracts in relation to their validity, form and compatibility with the rules and regulations of civil law regarding contracts is one of the new topics, the recognition and study of which depends on the formal structure of the electronic environment and well-known communication technology concepts in this field. . Determining whether a binding contract is concluded in the relationship between the parties or is done in accordance with the applicable law. Although e-commerce law does not seem to conflict with the general rules and regulations of civil and commercial law, there is considerable coherence and coordination with the formal and technical concepts and rules of legal resources in applying these rules to the legal issues of e-commerce contracts. This research is theoretical and content analysis and by referring to legal and related sources, an attempt has been made to provide relevant laws. Today, the law governing the contract is outside the scope of national law, and it is not necessary that the law governing the election of the parties to the contract be related to the contract, and also the laws governing the contract can be changed with conditions, As a result, concluding these contracts in a different and new environment has different rules governing different contracts and obligations, which are discussed in this article.