اﻣﮑﺎن ﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ و اﺣﮑﺎم آن ﺑﺮ ﻋﻘﻮد ﻧﻮﭘﺪﯾﺪ

Feasibility study of applying forgery and its provisions on new contracts

ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺮوع در ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ اﺳﻼم اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺳﺎس و ﺷﺎﻟﻮده ﻋﻘﻮد وارد ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻣﺮوزي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. واﮐﺎوي ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ و اﺣﮑﺎم آن ﺣﮑﺎﯾﺖ از آن دارد ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪث در ﺣﻮزه ﺧﺪﻣﺎت و ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻋﻤﺎل و ﮐﺎر اﻓﺮاد را ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﻮد ﺑﯽﻧﺎم ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﻮن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد. در اﯾﻦ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ اﺣﮑﺎم ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻘﻮد ﻧﻮﭘﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﺳﻮي ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻄﺮح ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاردي از آن اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد: ﻋﺪم ﺷﺮﻃﯿﺖ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ و ﻋﻮض، ﻋﺪم ﺷﺮﻃﯿﺖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ، ﻋﺪم ﺗﻨﺎﻓﯽ ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻏﺮر ﻣﻨﻬﯽ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﺗﺮك، اﻣﮑﺎن ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺪت و ﻋﻤﻞ، اﻣﮑﺎن ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﻋﻤﻞ و ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ اﻋﻢ از ﺗﺠﺎري، ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ و ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ و ... . در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر از ﻣﯿﺎن ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ وارد ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻗﺮارداد ﮐﻪ در ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرتاﻧﺪ از : ﺑﺎزارﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪاي، ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﯽ، ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﺎد ﻣﺸﺘﺮك، درﻣﺎن. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻣﺰﺑﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ اﻧﻌﻘﺎد در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ را دارا ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.

Reward is one of the legitimate contracts in the school of Islamic Jurisprudential that can be used as a basis for contracts in today's process. An analysis of the truth of Reward and its judgements suggests that new contracts in the field of services and supervising the actions and work of individuals, which are called anonymous contracts, can be interpreted as contracts of Reward. In this regard, the generalization of the judgement of Reward on emerging contracts is based on the characteristics that have been proposed by the jurists for Reward, and we can briefly mention some of them: Non-conditionality of knowledge to action and exchange, non-conditionality of determining the agent, non-contradiction of Reward with negation of negligence and also belonging of Reward to action and omission, possibility of coming together term and action, possibility of belonging of Reward to any kind of action and benefit, including commercial, industrial and service, etc. In this paper, among the new contracts in progress, four contracts were addressed that have received less attention in other researches, which are network marketing, oil contracts, CODE-SHARING and medical contracts. The result of the adaptations indicted that contracts can be concluded in the form of Reward contracts.