ﻣﻔﻬﻮم »اﻃﻼق« در اﺻﻄﻼح ﻓﻘﻬﯽ »وﻻﯾﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ«

The Concept of Iitlaq in the Fiq'hi (Islamic Jurisprudential) Term of Velâyat-e Faqih

»وﻻﯾﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ« اﺻﻄﻼﺣﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در داﻧﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اﯾﻦ اﺻﻄﻼح در داﻧﺶ ﻓﻘﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﯿﺪ »اﻃﻼق« ﺑﺮاي »وﻻﯾﺖ« ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻧﯽ در ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻓﻘﻬﯽ ﻧﺪارد. ﯾﮏ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺟﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ واژه ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ، در ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. دﺳﺖﮐﻢ ﺷﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ و ﻣﻔﻬﻮم از اﯾﻦ واژه در ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ و ﻣﻔﻬﻮم آن اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ وﻻﯾﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ »ﻣﻘﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ«، »اﻓﺰون ﺑﺮ ﺣﻮزه ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ، ﺣﻮزه ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ را ﻫﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد«، »ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از داﯾﺮه اﻣﻮر ﺿﺮوري ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ، ﻫﻤﻪ اﻣﻮر ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ را در ﺑﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮد«، »اﻓﺰون ﺑﺮ اﺟﺮاي اﺣﮑﺎم ﺷﺮﻋﯽ، ﺑﻪ وﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن در داﯾﺮه ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺎت ﻣﺒﺎدرت ورزد«، »اﻓﺰون ﺑﺮ اﺟﺮاي اﺣﮑﺎم، در ﻗﻠﻤﺮو ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺎت و اﻟﺰاﻣﯿﺎت ﺷﺮﻋﯽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن وﺿﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ« و »وﻻﯾﺖ ﺑﺮ اﻣﻮال اﻣﺎم )ع(«، وﻻﯾﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ اﻃﻼق ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻗﯿﺪ اﻃﻼق در اﺻﻄﻼح وﻻﯾﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ، ﯾﮏ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ و ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻧﺪارد و ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ و اﺧﺘﻼف، ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از دﯾﮕﺮي دارد. ﻫﺪف از ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دادن ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺖ در ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻃﻼق در اﺻﻄﻼح ﻓﻘﻬﯽ وﻻﯾﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ اﺳﺖ. روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ، ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد.

Velayat-e motlagh-e which means "absolute guardianship" is a term used in different sciences. In this paper, the application of this term in Fiqh "Islamic jurisprudence" has been discussed. The paper hypothesizes that the assignment of iitlaq for Velayat "guardianship" does not have the same meaning in Fiq'hi "Islamic jurisprudential" terms. An overview shows that this word is used differently according to the topic under discussion. At least six meanings and concepts of this word can be seen in the phrases of fuqahā (Islamic jurists), which is a sign of the relative nature of its meaning and concept. The Velayat that "it is not bound by expediency", "in addition to the public sphere, it also includes the private sphere", "beyond the scope of the necessary affairs of the society, it contains all public affairs", "in addition to the implementation of Sharia rulings, tries to enact laws in the realm of Sharia principles", "in addition to the implementation of rulings, establishes laws in the realm of Sharia Mubah "permitted" and obligations" and "Velayat over the property of the Imam (AS)" is referred to as Velayat-e motlagh-e (absolute guardianship). This variety of usage shows that the assignment of iitlaq in the term Velayat-e motlagh-e does not have the same meaning and concept and it has a different meaning depending on the topic under discussion and in dispute. The purpose of this research paper is to show relativity in the idea of iitlaq in the Islamic jurisprudential term of Velayat-e motlagh-e. The research method will be descriptive-analytical based on reliable Fiq'hi "based on Islamic jurisprudential method" sources.