كاركردهاي روان‌شناختي توبه بر اساس منابع اسلامي

Psychological functions of repentance according to Islamic sources

ﯾﮑﯽ از اﻫﺪاف اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻋﻠـﻮم روانﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ و ادﯾـﺎن آﺳـﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺤـﻮل و دﮔﺮﮔـﻮﻧﯽ اﻧﺴـﺎنﻫـﺎ اﺳـﺖ. »ﺗﻮﺑـﻪ« ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ و ﭘﺮﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﺗﺮﯾﻦ واژهاي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺮآن ﮐﺮﯾﻢ ﮔﻮﯾﺎي ﺿﺮورت ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي و دﮔ ﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن اﺳﺖ. ﺑـﺮ اﺳﺎس آﯾﺎت ﻗﺮآن و ﺳـﺨﻨﺎن ﭘﯿﺸـﻮاﯾﺎن دﯾـﻦ، »ﺗﻮﺑـﻪ« دو ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻌﻨـﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺎﺳـﯽ دارد: 1. ﺗﻮﺑـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﻨـﺎي »رويآوري ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪا )اﯾﻤﺎنآوري(« ﮐﻪ واژهﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ »ﺗَﻮَ ّﻟﻲ« و »ِا ﻋﺮاض« در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آن ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد و در اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻌﺎدل »رويﮔﺮداﻧﯽ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﯾﻦ از ﺧﺪا« ﻣﯽﺷﻮد؛ 2. ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي »رويآوري ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪا از ﺧﻄﺎ و ﮔﻨﺎه ﺧـﺎص« ﮐـﻪ در اﯾـﻦ ﺻـﻮرت ﺗﻌـﺎﺑﯿﺮي ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ »اﺻـﺮار ﺑـﺮ ﮔﻨـﺎه« در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ آن ﻗـﺮار ﻣـﯽﮔﯿـﺮد. ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﻫــﺎي ﻣﻌﻨــﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻮﺑــﻪ، دﺳــﺖﮐﻢ ﭼﻬــﺎر ﮐــﺎرﮐﺮد روانﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ را ﺑــﺮاي ﺗﻮﺑــﻪ ﻣــﯽﺗــﻮان در ﻧﻈــﺮ ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ: 1. »اﯾﺠﺎد و ارﺗﻘـﺎء ﻣﻌﻨـﺎي زﻧـﺪﮔﯽ«، 2. »ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﮐﺸـﻤﮑﺶﻫﺎ و ﺗﻌﺎرﺿـﺎت رواﻧـﯽ - ﻣﻌﻨـﻮي«، 3. »اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳـﻼﻣﺖ رواﻧﯽ« و 4. »ارﺗﻘﺎء رﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪي«. اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﻫﺎ را ﻣﯽﺗﻮان در اﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪﻣﺮاﺗﺒﯽ ﻗﺮار داد، ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧـﻪاي ﮐـﻪ ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﮐﺸﻤﮑﺶﻫﺎ و ﺗﻌﺎرﺿﺎت رواﻧﯽ - ﻣﻌﻨﻮي در ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘـﺎﯾﯿﻦ، اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳـﻼﻣﺖ رواﻧـﯽ و اﯾﺠـﺎد و ارﺗﻘـﺎء ﻣﻌﻨـﺎي زﻧـﺪﮔﯽ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ و ارﺗﻘﺎء رﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪي در ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﯾﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد.

One of major goals of psychological sciences and celestial religions is development and transformation of people. “Repentance” is the most important and useful word in the Holy Quran that refer to the necessity of restructuring and transformation of human. According to Quranic verses and sayings of religious figures, repentance has two major meanings: 1) “repentance” as basic approaching to God (come to belief). In this sense, it is opposed to words such as “Tavalli” and “Eraz” that correspond to basic avoidance from God. 2) “repentance” as approaching to God from mistake and specific sins. In this sense, it corresponds to such phrases such as “insisting on sin”. Based on semantic functions of repentance, we could consider at least four psychological functions for repentance: a) “making and improving the meaning of life”, b) “reducing psycho-spiritual struggles and conflicts”, c) “increased mental health”, and d) “increased divinity development”. We could place these functions into a hierarchical model, in which reduced psycho-spiritual struggles and conflicts are at low level, increased mental health and making and improving meaning are at the middle level, and increased divinity development is at the top.