مقايسه طرح مبحث «گويش» در كتاب‌هاي نظام متوسطه قديم و جديد و بررسي ريخت‌شناسي اسم و ضمير در گويش‌هاي مركزي ايران

A comparison between teaching approaches of “dialect”, in old and new educational systems in Iran’s high school books, accompanying with noun morphology study in Iran’s central dialects

ﮔﻮﯾﺶ ﻫﺎي اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر، در ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ وﺳﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اﻧﺪ و در ﻃﻮل زﻣـﺎن، ﻫﻤﭽﻮن زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﺗﺤﻮل ﺑﺴﯿﺎر داﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﯾﺶ ﻫﺎ، ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﯿﻮﻧـﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ زﺑﺎﻧﯽ اﯾﺮان ، ﺑﺮاي درك ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ، راﻫﮕﺸـﺎﯾﻨﺪ . اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ دو ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣـﯽ ﮔـﺮدد . ﻫـﺪف از ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻧﺨﺴـﺖ، ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﻪ ﺷـﯿﻮه ﺗﻘﺴـﯿﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪي ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋﺎت زﺑﺎﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ، در ﺳﻪ ﮐﺘﺎب زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻗﺪﯾﻢ، ﺑﺎ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎي ﻧﮕﺎرش ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻄﻪ دوره اول و دوم ﻧﻈﺎم ﺟﺪﯾﺪ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﻧﺸـﺎن داده ﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺣـﺬف ﻣﺒﺎﺣـﺚ زﺑﺎﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳـﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﺮا، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ زﺑﺎن، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﮔﻮﯾﺶ ﻫﺎي آن، در ﮐﺘﺐ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل دروس ﺻﺮف و ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ، ﻧﺸﺎن از ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ دﺳـﺘﻮر ﺳـﻨﺘﯽ دارد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ، وارد ﮐـﺮدن دروس آزاد زﺑﺎن و ادب ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ دوره اول و دوم ﺟﺪﯾﺪ، ﻟـﺰوم ﻧﮕـﺮش ﻋﻠﻤـﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﮔﻮﯾﺶ و ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﯽ را ﻣﯽ ﻃﻠﺒﺪ؛ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ، در ﺑﺨﺶ دوم، ﮔﻮﯾﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﮐـﺰي اﯾﺮان ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و زﯾﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي آن از ﻧﻈﺮ رﯾﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻫﺪف، ﻧﺸﺎن دادن ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﯾﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﺑﻮد .اﯾـﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ﺗﻮﺻـﯿﻔﯽ ﻧﺸـﺎن داد ﮐـﻪ در زﯾﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮﻗﯽ و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﻮﯾﺶ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﻔﺮش، وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﺟﻨﺲ دﺳﺘﻮري ﺑﺮاي اﺳـﻢ، ﻫﻨﻮز وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺻﺮف ﻏﯿﺮﻓﺎﻋﻠﯽ اﺳﻢ و ﺿﻤﯿﺮ در ﮔﻮﯾﺶ اﺑﯿﺎﻧﻪ اي، از زﯾﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺷـﻤﺎل ﺷﺮﻗﯽ و در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﻮﯾﺶ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﻔﺮﺷﯽ ، ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در اﯾـﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ، روﻧـﺪ ﺷـﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي »ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻤﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻪ« در ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﻧﯿﺰ روﺷﻦ ﺷﺪ.

There is a vast variety of Iran’s dialects. They are spread in a wide geographical domain and have had evolution during centuries. The study of these dialects is the key to many unknown linguistic subjects and also the knowledge to cultural attachments between Iranian linguistic communities. This article is divided to two parts. The purpose of first part is comparing the approaches of presenting linguistic subjects in Iran’s high schools; mainly based on educational books of old and new system. This descriptive/comparative analysis shows that elimination of linguistic subjects based on structuralist approach in new Persian language books and also shifting the syntax to Persian literature book, is a sign of regression to the traditional grammar. Also, adding some free lessons as “local dialects and literature”, to be written by local teachers and students, requires academic knowledge about it. For accomplishing this goal, second part introduces central Iranian dialects as an example. The sub-branches were analyzed from morphological point of view. One of the purposes was showing the attachement of these dialects with old periods of Persian language. The descriptive study showed that in north-eastern sub-branch of central dialects and most dialects of Tafresh sub-branch, grammatical gender and also declension of noun in oblique forms, still exists. It shows that both sub-branches have saved the traces of Old Persian grammar.