واﮐﺎوي ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﻘﻬ ﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت

A Study of Jurisprudential Principles of Animal Rights

ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ واﮐﺎوي ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﺳﺖ. روش ﭘــﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺻــﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠــﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷــﺪ. در اﯾــ ﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺎن آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ ، ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺘﺎب و ﺳﻨّﺖ . اﯾﻦ دو ﻣﻨﺒﻊ وﺣﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﺑــﺮاي ﺣﯿﻮاﻧــﺎت وﯾﮋﮔ ﯽﻫــﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮐ ﯽ را در اﺻﻮل ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ، اﻣﻮر ادراﮐ ﯽ و ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺲ از ﻋﺎﻟﻢ دﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮدهاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑــﺮاي اﺛﺒــﺎت ﺣﻘــﻮق ﺣﯿﻮاﻧــﺎت ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ ان ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ د داراي ﺣﯿﺎت، ﮐﺎﻓﯽاﺳﺖ. ادﻟّﻪ ﻋﻘﻠﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﺮ اﻗــﺪاﻣﯽ را ﮐــﻪ ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﺗﻀــ ﯿﯿﻊ ﺣﻘــﻮق ﺣﯿﻮاﻧــﺎت ﺷــﻮد، ﻣﺼﺪاق ﻇﻠﻢ داﻧﺴﺘﻪ و اﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ، ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺣﯿــﺎت، ﻣﻨــﺎﻓﻊ و ﻣﻨــﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﯿــﺎﺗﯽ و ﻣﺤــﯿﻂ زﯾﺴــﺖ، ﺑﻘــﺎي اﻧــﻮاع ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺷﻮد، اﻣﺮ ﻧﯿﮑﻮ و ﭘﺴﻨﺪﯾﺪه ﻣﯽداﻧﺪ. ﻋﻠﻤﺎي ﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺰ اﺗﻔــﺎقﻧﻈﺮ دارﻧــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧــﺎت داراي ﺣﻘــﻮق ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮ اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎ رﻋﺎﯾﺖ آن ﻻزم اﺳﺖ. ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ ﻧﯿــ ﺰ اﺗــﻼف ﺣﯿــ ﻮان را ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﺿــﻤﺎﻧﺖ داﻧﺴــﺘﻪ و وارد ﮐــﺮدن ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت را ﺑﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻬﯽ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻼش را در راﺳﺘﺎي اداي ﺣﻘﻮق ﺣﯿﻮاﻧــﺎت ﻣﺼــﺪاق اﺣﺴــﺎن و ﻧﯿﮑــ ﯽ ﻣﯽداﻧﺪ. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ، ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﻮق، ﺑﺮ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺣﻘﻮق ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت در ﮐ ﻨﺎر اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎ، و ﻟﺰوم رﻋﺎﯾــ ﺖ و اداي آﻧﻬــﺎ دﻻﻟــﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate jurisprudential principles of animal rights. The method of study is descriptive-analytic. General principles including the ones in the Qur'an and sonnat (the tradition) are discussed in this research. Both of the above revelation resources have mentioned common features for animals in terms of life principles, perception issues, and evolution after this world that is sufficient to prove the right of animals as living creatures. Rational arguments indicate that every measure violating animal rights is evidence of cruelty while every measure that sustains their dignity, life, interests, resources, environment, and survival of their different species is considered as an act of goodness. The Sunni and Shi'ite scholars have consensus that animals also have rights so humans are obliged to observe them. Jurisprudential principles state that killing an animal requires the responsibility to make up for the loss. Besides, any damage to animals is prohibited and every attempt to fulfill their rights is regarded as an act of benevolence and goodness. Finally, the above principles generally approve animal rights, in addition to human rights, and convey the necessity to observe and fulfill that.