ارزيابي جايگاه آموزش‌هاي دانشگاهي در حوزه معماري پايدار؛ نمونه موردي: ساختمان‌هاي مسكوني شهر تهران

Assessing the impacts of academic education on sustainable architecture (Case study: Residential buildings in Tehran)

باوجــود بحران هــاي زيســت محيطي و كاهــش ذخايــر ســوخت هاي فســيلي نيــاز بــه راهكارهــاي توســعه پايــدار و معمــاري پايــدار بــه منظــور مديريــت مصــرف انــرژي و كاهــش زيان هــاي خطرنــاك انســاني بيش ازپيــش احســاس مي شــود. در ايــن راســتا به منظــور افزايــش آگاهــي دانشــجويان و طراحــان بايســتي آموزش هــاي تخصصــي معمــاري پايــدار در حــوزه دروس دانشــگاهي قــرار گيــرد. از آنجايي كــه ســاختمان هاي مســكوني بخــش مهمــي از مصــرف انــرژي را در كشــور شــامل مي شــوند، بايســتي ميــزان اثربخشــي ايــن راهــكار بــر نحــوه طراحــي ســاختمان هاي مســكوني در شــهر تهــران موردبررســي قــرار گيــرد. ايــن پژوهــش از منظــر روش شناســي پيمايشــي اســت و داراي دو بخــش كيفــي و كمــي اســت كــه در بخــش كيفــي بــه بررســي مبانــي نظــري مربوطــه و در بخــش دوم پرسشــنامه هايي در اختيــار 20 نفــر از اســاتيد و دانشــجويان معمــاري بــه منظــور بررســي ميــزان اثربخشــي آموزش هــاي معمــاري پايــدار بــر نحــوه طراحــي خانه هــاي مســكوني شــهر تهــران گذاشــته شــده اســت و بــراي تعييــن اعتباريابــي پرسشــنامه از نرم افــزار Smart PLS2 اســتفاده شــده و بــه جهــت اولويت بنــدي داده هــا از آزمــون فريدمــن در نرم افــزار SPSS بهــره گرفتــه شــده اســت. درنهايــت نتايــج حاصلــه بيانگــر آن اســت آموزش هــاي معمــاري پايــدار در ســطح اجتماعــي دانشــجويان، بــالا بــردن آگاهــي مــردم و درنهايــت كارفرمايــان) بيشــترين تأثيــر را داشــته و در بــالا بــردن كيفيــت محيــط داخلــي ســاختمان بــه نســبت اثربخشــي كمتــري دارد.

BACKGROUND an‎d OBJECTIVES: Nowadays, one of the main concerns of architects and urban designers is environmental crises and high energy consumption in buildings, especially in metropolitan areas (specifically in Tehran city). According to other research conducted on all land uses, residential buildings have higher energy consumption than other building types, which indicates the importance of efficiency and management of energy consumption in residential buildings and shows the significance of providing solutions for this concern. Therefore, academic education in sustainable architecture strategies and principles requires a revision for implementation of these strategies by architects and designers. Since environmental crises are still a marginal field in academic architecture courses, the issue of sustainability has been included in the curriculum as a single course. Regarding the abovementioned issues, this study aims to investigate the position of university education in sustainable architecture in universities and higher education institutions, as well as the effectiveness of residential buildings designed in Tehran city based on sustainability principles. METHODS: This research is a kind of applied research. In terms of methodology, it combines descriptive-analytical research and survey research methods. In this research, the researcher describes the real and regular objective characteristics of the study. This research is comprised of two main parts: qualitative and quantitative parts. In the first part, the qualitative part, the theoretical foundations of the research are studied. In order to obtain the desired results in this research, the information is collected through bibliographic studies. Questionnaires were given to twenty students and professors of architecture. In the questionnaire, the position and role of sustainable architecture education in universities were investigated based on three main components (quality of indoor environment, innovation in design, and community). Smartpls2 software was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire, and the Friedman test in Spss software was used to prioritize the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was also used to determine the normality or abnormality of the data. FINDINGS: The priority of the variable components regarding the position of academic education in sustainable architecture was reported in order of importance using the Friedman test. Based on the findings, the order of importance for the component variables is “community”, “design innovation”, and the “indoor quality” components, respectively. Regarding the “community” component, the items of “increasing awareness for young architects and graduates to implement sustainable architectural solutions” and “providing incentive policies by officials and superiors (providing financial facilities)” were the most and least important items. Then, amongst the items of “design innovation” components, “using heating and cooling systems with the least energy consumption” was ranked as the most important item. Finally, regarding the “indoor quality” component, “thermal, visual, psychological, and health comfort” items received the highest scores. CONCLUSION: Based on the research results, it can be acknowledged that academic education in the field of sustainable architecture has been effective to some extent for the students. The sustainable architecture course introduces the environmental crises and explains the need to use sustainable architecture solutions in buildings Therefore, effective measures have been taken to use materials compatible with the climate and heating and cooling systems with low energy consumption in the building. However, residential building design and implementing active solutions to reduce energy consumption remain the primary concern. Relying on active solutions for reducing energy consumption in sustainable architecture, such as using revolving windows, photovoltaic panels, etc., must be accentuated. Finally, the quality of the interior environment in the design of residential buildings, which is one of the important criteria of sustainable architecture, was the least considered item in designing sustainable residential buildings. In order to improve the effectiveness of this criterion in residential building design, higher authorities can provide incentive policies and special financial facilities to architects and urban planners to improve the quality of the building environment based on sustainable architectural approaches.