كليدواژه :
خدمت وظيفه عمومي , انقلاب كبير فرانسه , خدمت نظام اجباري مصوب 1304 شمسي , ثبات سياسي
چكيده فارسي :
زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺧﺪﻣﺖ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﻨـﺎي ﻓﺮاﺧـﻮان اﻓـﺮاد ﯾـﮏ ﮐﺸـﻮر ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﻗـﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺼـﻮب ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﻮرﻋﻤـﺪه در ﺟﻬـﺎن ﺗﺤـﺖ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ ﺳـﺮﺑﺎزي ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه اﺳﺖ. درﺧﺼﻮص ﭘﯿﺸـﯿﻨﻪ و ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽـﻪ ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ ﺳـﺮﺑﺎزي ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﻨـﺎي ﺳـﻨﺘﯽ آن ﺗـﺎرﯾﺦ دﻗﯿـﻖ و روﺷـﻨﯽدر دﺳــﺖ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ. در اﯾــﻦ ﭘــﮋوﻫﺶ ﺳــﻌﯽ ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ ﺗــﺎ ﺑــﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ ﻧﺤــﻮه ﺳــﺮﺑﺎزﮔﯿﺮي در اﻋﺼــﺎر ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ، ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽــﻪ ﺷــﻔﺎﻓﯽ از ﻧﺤــﻮه ﺷــﮑﻞ ﮔﯿــﺮي و ﺳــﯿﺮ ﺗــﺎرﯾﺨ ﯽ ﻧﻈــﺎم ﺧــﺪﻣﺖ وﻇﯿﻔــﻪ ﻋﻤــﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻣﺮوزي و ﻧﻮﯾﻦ آن در ﺟﻬﺎن و اﯾﺮان اراﺋﻪ ﺷﻮد.
روش: در اﯾـ ﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﻣﻨــﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧـﻪ اي ﺑـ ﺎ روش ﺗﺤﻠﯿـ ﻞ ﻣﺤﺘــﻮا و ﺑـﻪ ﺷـ ﯿﻮه ﺗﻮﺻـ ﯿﻔﯽ ﺑــﻪ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ در ﺟﻬﺎن و اﯾﺮان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ.
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﯾﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ ﻧﺸـﺎن داد ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ وﻇﯿﻔـﻪ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﮑﻞ اﻣـﺮوز ي و ﻧـﻮﯾﻦ ﺧـﻮد، ﺑـﻪ اﻧﻘﻼب ﮐﺒﯿـ ﺮ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴـﻪ در دﻫـﻪ 1790 ﻣـ ﯿﻼدي ﺑﺮﻣـ ﯽ ﮔـﺮدد . در ﮐﺸـﻮر اﯾـ ﺮان ﺑـ ﺎ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮن ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ ﻧﻈـﺎم اﺟﺒـﺎر ي ﻣﺼـﻮب 1304 ﻫﺠـﺮ ي ﺷﻤﺴــﯽ، ﻧﻈـﺎم اﺣﻀـﺎر ﺑــﻪ ﺳـﺮﺑﺎز ي ﺷـﮑﻞ ﺟﺪﯾــﺪي ﺑـﻪ ﺧـ ﻮد ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ. ﺗﺤـﺖ اﯾـ ﻦ ﻧﻈــﺎم ﭘﯿﺸـﺮﻓﺘﻪ ، ﺳــﻦ، ﻣـﺪت، ﺗﺸــﮑ ﯿﻼت و ﻧﺤـﻮه اﻧﺠــﺎم ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ ﺳــﺮﺑﺎزي ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﺷــﺪ و ﺣﺘﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﯿﺖ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻢ ﺑـﺮ اي ﻣـﻮﻇﻔ ﯿﻦ ﭘـ ﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨـ ﯽ ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻮد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﯿـﺰات ﻧﻈـﺎﻣﯽ و وﺿـﻌﯿﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ در ﻗﺮون ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺤﻮه ﺳﺮﺑﺎزﮔﯿﺮي آﻧﻬﺎ اﺛﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺤـﻮه ﺳـﺮﺑﺎزﮔ ﯿﺮي از ﺗـﺎر ﯾﺦ ﺗﺸـﮑ ﯿﻞ اوﻟـ ﯿﻦ ﺟﻮاﻣـﻊ ﺗـ ﺎ ﺑـﻪ اﻣـﺮوز ، اﯾـ ﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠـﻪ ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺖ ﻣـﯽ آﯾــﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـ ﯿﻦ وﺿــﻌﯿﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳـ ﯽ ﯾـ ﮏ ﮐﺸـﻮر و اﻧﺘﺨــﺎب ﯾﮑـ ﯽ از روش ﻫـ ﺎي ﺳــﺮﺑﺎزﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻً ﻫﻤﺒﺴــﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﻨﻔــﯽ وﺟــﻮد دارد. ﮐﺸــﻮرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻬﺪﯾــﺪات ﮐﻤﺘــﺮي روﺑــﺮو ﻣــﯽ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﺪت ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ ﺳـﺮﺑﺎز ي و اﺳﺎﺳـ ﺎً ﺑـﻪ ﮐـﺎرﮔ ﯿﺮي ﻧﻈـﺎم ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ وﻇﯿﻔـﻪ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﯽ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
Background and Aim: Military service means the compulsory call of individuals in a country according to the law enacted for national service, which is generally known in the world as military service. Regarding the background and history of military service in the traditional sense, there is no exact and clear date. In this research, by examining the manner of calls in different eras, a clear history of the formation and historical course of the Military service system in its modern and modern sense in the world and in Iran has been presented.
Method: In this research, based on library resources, content related to military service in the world and Iran were extracted by content analysis method and descriptive method.
Findings: The research findings indicated that military service in its current and modern form dates back to the French Revolution in the 1790s. In Iran, with the law of compulsory military service approved in 1304 AH, the system of conscripting students into the military took on a new form. Under this advanced system, age, duration, organization, and manner of military service were determined, and even exemptions were provided for officers. Also, the military equipment and the political situation of the countries in different centuries have had a direct effect on how they were recruited.
Conclusion: By studying the recruitment method from the date of formation of the first societies until today, it is concluded that there is usually a negative correlation between the political situation of a country and the choice of one of the recruitment methods. Countries with fewer threats are usually reluctant to extend their military service and basically use the public service system.
