مستندنگا ري موضوعات فرش بر اساس سفرنامۀ سياحان غربي دورۀ قاجار

The Documentation of Issues on Iranian Carpets in Travelogues Written by Western Travelers in the Qajar Era

ﻓﺮش ﺑﺎﻓﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎي وﯾﮋه اي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﻼت اﯾﺮان از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺴﺰاﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ. دورۀ ﻗﺎﺟﺎر ﯾﮑﯽ از دور ه ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮ روﯾﺪاد از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﺮاودات ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ دوران، ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺳﻔﺮ در ﺑﺎرﯾﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎرج از اﯾﺮان و ورود ﺳﯿﺎﺣﺎن از ﮐﺸﻮر ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﮐﺴﺐ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت از ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ آداب و رﺳﻮم و ﻫﻨﺮ و... ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ. ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﻔﺮ آﻧﺎن ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺘﻮﻧﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ اﯾﺮان و در ذﯾﻞ آن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺟﺰﺋﯽ ﺗﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮش ﺑﺎﻓﯽ اﯾﺮان ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮد. ﻣﺴﺌﻠﮥ اﺻﻠﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻓﺮش در ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺣﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﯽ و ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮش اﯾﺮان، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﻧﻮاع دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻓﺮش ﺑﺎﻓﯽ و ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮش ﺑﺎﻓﯽ در دوران ﻗﺎﺟﺎرﯾﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺣﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﯽ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻓﺮش ﺑﺎﻓﯽ دوران ﻗﺎﺟﺎر ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﭘﯿﺶ رو ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺳﺖ:1. در اﯾﻦ دوره در ﭼﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻓﺮش ﺑﺎﻓﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ؟ 2. ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد و ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻓﺮش ﺑﺎﻓﯽ در اﯾﻦ دوره ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ؟ 3. ﻓﺮش ﺑﺎﻓﯽ در اﯾﻦ دوره داراي ﭼﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ؟ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ از ﻧﻮع ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﯿﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ. روش ﺟﻤﻊ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي اﺳﺖ. در دوران ﻧﺎﺻﺮاﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺷﺎه و ﻣﻈﻔﺮاﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺷﺎه ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻮدن اوﺿﺎع ﮐﺸﻮر، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﯿﺎح ﺑﻪ اﯾﺮان آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﺎن ﻫﺮآﻧﭽﻪ را دﯾﺪه اﻧﺪ در ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد آورده اﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﻮن ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻓﺮش اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ را ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ و ﺳﺘﺎﯾﺶ و در ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﻓﺮش اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﮐﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ دﯾﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﺗﻌﺪادي ﺳﯿﺎح درﺑﺎر ۀ اﯾﻦ ﺣﻮزه اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺎﻓﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ي ﮐﻪ از وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺮح و ﻧﻘﺶ رﻧﮓ ﺑﻨﺪي و رﻧﮕﺮزي و دﯾﮕﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺎن ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ.

Carpet weaving is one of the significant arts in the history of the Iranian plateau. The Qajar period was one of the most eventful periods in terms of political and trading relations. During this period, Iran witnessed not only the travel of courtiers to abroad but also the arrival of visiting tourists from various countries to gather information about Iranian culture, customs, arts, and so on. The outcome of their journeys was those travelogues having been used as references to identify not only the social and political situation of Iran at that time but also to obtain information about more detailed issues such as Iranian’s carpet weaving. This study attempts to discuss how the topic of carpets has been reflected in the travelogues of western travelers. Furthermore, it aims to employ these western travelogues to realize the issues related to Iranian carpets, to identify the types of hand-woven carpets, to determine the status of carpet weaving, and to reflect the events related to carpet weaving in the Qajar era. In this research, the information related to carpet weaving was examined for the first time based on the opinions of those western travelers in the Qajar era. This research tried to answer these questions: a) in which areas was carpet weaving practiced in this period? b) What was the function and status of carpet weaving in this period? c) Which were the features of carpet weaving in this period? The current research deployed a historical-descriptive method. The collected information is based on library study. During the reign of Naser al-Din Shah and Muzaffar al-Din Shah, due to the favorable conditions of the country, many tourists came to Iran. Tourists wrote everything they had observed in their notebooks. Among them were a number of tourists who had enough information about carpet weaving and the related issues that they wrote about features such as the design, the role of coloring, and dyeing along others.