مطالعۀ قوم نگاري حصير بافي مردم عرب خوزستان

An Ethnographic Study of Basketry (Mat Weaving Products) by Arab Ethnicity in Khuzestan

ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮدﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﺎ درﺧﺖ ﻧﺨﻞ زﯾﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ارزش ﻧﻤﺎدﯾﻦ اﯾﻦ درﺧﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫـﺎي ﻣﺸـﺘﺮك آن، ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻻت ﺑﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪه از اﯾـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﮥ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ، ﻫﻤﻮاره ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴﺘﯽ دﯾﺮﯾﻨﻪ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻘﺪس ﺑﺮآﻣﺪه از ارزش وﯾﮋۀ درﺧﺖ ﻧﺨﻞ ﯾﮑﯽ از دﻻﯾﻠﯽ ﺑﻮده ﮐـﻪ ﻧﺨﻞ داران ﺣﺼﯿﺮﺑﺎف ﻋﺮب ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن، ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﻧﺨﻞ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن آن ﻣﺮدم »ﻗﻠﺐ« ﻧـﺎم دارد، در دﺳـﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺼـﯿﺮي ﺧـﻮد ﺑﻬـﺮه ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ. در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻋﻤﺪه ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺣﺼﯿﺮي اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮدم، اﻗﻼﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﺎﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﯾﺎ دور رﯾﺰ ﻧﺨﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم »ﺳﻌﻒ« ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣـﺪه و ﺑـﺮ ﻫﻤـﯿﻦ اﺳﺎس در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ز ﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺮدم ﻋﺮب ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن از ﺣﺼـﯿﺮﺑﺎﻓﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺎم »ﺻـﻨﻌﺖ ﺳـﻌﻒ« ﯾـﺎد ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ در ﻣﯿـﺎن دﺳـﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺼﯿﺮ ي اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮدم ﺷﯿﻮه اي از ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از ﺑﺮﺧﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮐﺸﻮر راﯾـﺞ اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺘـﺄﺛﺮ از وﯾﮋﮔـﯽ ﻓﯿﺰ ﯾﮑـﯽ ﺑـﺮگ درﺧـﺖ ﻧﺨـﻞ اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺎس در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺆاﻻﺗﯽ از ﺟﻨﺲ، ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﺷﯿﻮه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺼﯿﺮ و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺗـﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣـﻮاد ﻃﺒﯿﻌـﯽ و ﺑﺎورﻫـﺎي ﻣـﺮدم ﻋﺮب ﺑﺮ روش ﺑﺎﻓﺖ و ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻ ت ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي آن ﭘﺎﺳﺦ داده ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ دﺳـﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺑﺮآﻣـﺪه از ﻣـﻮاد ﻃﺒﯿﻌـﯽ ﻧـﻮاﺣﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﺮان و ﺑﻪ اﺷﺘﺮاك ﮔﺬاري ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯿﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺣﻮزه اﺳﺖ. روﯾﮑﺮد اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ ﮐﯿﻔـﯽ اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﮑﯿـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت ﻣﯿـﺪاﻧﯽ و ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺑﻪ ﺷﯿﻮۀ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺣﺼﯿﺮ ي ﻣﺮدم ﻋﺮب ﺑـﻪ دو روش اﺳـﻔﺎﻓﻪ و اﺧـﺮازه ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﯾﻦ دو روش، ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ دو ﺷﯿﻮۀ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺟﺮا ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺧﺸـﮑﻮر ي و ﻧﻌﻤـﺎﻧﯽ ز ﯾﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﮥ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ اﺳـﻔﺎﻓﻪ و ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ اﺧﺮازه و اﺧﺮازه ﻟﻮﯾﯽ ز ﯾﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺧﺮازه اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻬﻢ ﺷﯿﻮۀ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺼﯿﺮ ﻣﺮدم ﻋﺮب ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻧﻘـﺎط ﮐﺸـﻮر، ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﻧـﻮار ي و ﺳـﭙﺲ دوﺧـﺘﻦ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از اﻗﻼم اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﯾﮑﭙﺎرﭼﻪ و ﺑﺪون دوﺧﺖ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ رواج اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺎﻓﺖ، ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺨﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ از ﮔﺮﻣـﺎي ﺑﺴـﯿﺎر ﺷـﺪﯾﺪ در ﺧﻮزﺳـﺘﺎن و ﺗﺎب آوري ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ ﮐﻮﺗﺎه در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻃﻮل ﺑﺮگ ﻧﺨـﻞ ﺑﻠﻨـﺪﺗﺮ اﺳـﺖ. ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ واﺳـﻂ دوﺧـﺖ در ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﻧﻮار ي ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻇﺮاﻓﺖ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ و در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮردن ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣـﺪوﻻ ر ﻧﻘـﻮش ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮد، درﺣـﺎﻟﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻇﺮاﻓـﺖ ﻧﻘـﺶ، در ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﯾﮑﭙﺎرﭼـﻪ ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ و داراي ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺑﺼﺮ ي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ي اﺳﺖ.

For people having lived with the palm tree throughout history, this tree has gained symbolic values and meanings. Therefore, the products obtained from this tree have always been considered valuable and practical. This ancient coexistence along with the sanctity attributed to the palm tree is one of the reasons why the Arab basketry weavers based in Khuzestan use low-quality part of the palm tree rather than its "heart" (the high-quality part of the tree as named by local people) in their mat weaves. As a result, the main wicker products of these people are items that are obtained from the poor or discarded part of the palm tree. Such sanctity has been attributed to Eliade theory. This research, accordingly, attempts to discuss how Eliade theory has affected the production and the method of mat weaving by the Arab people of Khuzestan. The purpose of this study is to expand a better understanding of the textures derived from natural materials from different regions of Iran. This research is a descriptive and analytical one, deploying a quantitative-qualitative approach, which includes field studies as well as library investigation. The findings of this article have depicted that due to various reasons, including those of sanctity of the palm tree and proximity to some sanctuaries, Khuzestan’s Arab people have widely used their wicker products and basketries in their lives in the recent past. an‎d the undergarment hat and fan have been among the products derived from that weaving method.