كليدواژه :
ﺣﮑﺎﮐﯽ ﻓﻠﺰ , ﺣﮑﺎﮐﯽ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ و ﺣﮑﺎﮐﯽ زﻧﺠﺎن , ﺣﮑﺎﮐﯽ ﻃﺒﺲ و ﺣﮑﺎﮐﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎن , ﺣﮑﺎﮐﯽ ﯾﺰد
چكيده فارسي :
ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺣﮑﺎﮐﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻗﻠﻢ زﻧﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از روش ﻫﺎي اﯾﺠﺎد ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺮ روي ﻓﻠﺰ اﺳﺖ، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﮥ ﻧﻈـﺎم ﻣﻨـﺪ ي از وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫـﺎي ﻓﻨـﯽ و ﻫﻨـﺮي آن اﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎ در دور ۀ ﻗﺎﺟﺎر رو ﺑﻪ اﻓﻮل ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ، اﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻣﺮوز ﺑﻪ ﺣﯿـﺎت ﺧـﻮد اداﻣـﻪ داده و ﺑـﺎ ﮔﺬﺷـﺖ زﻣﺎن، ﭘﻮﯾﺎﯾﯽ و ﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻓﻠﺰﮐﺎري ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫـﺎي ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ ﺣﮑـﺎﮐﯽ در اﯾـﺮان دورۀ ﻣﻌﺎﺻـﺮ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺒﺮﯾـﺰ، زﻧﺠـﺎن، ﻃﺒﺲ، ﮐﺮﻣﺎن و ﯾﺰد اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﯽ و ﻫﻨﺮي ﺣﮑﺎﮐﯽ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺑـﺪﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳـﺶ اﺳـﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻓﻨﯽ و ﻫﻨﺮي ﺣﮑـﺎﮐﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺻـﺮ اﯾـﺮان در ﺷـﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻣـﺬﮐﻮر ﭼﯿﺴـﺖ؟ ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ از ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻫـﺪف ﺑﻨﯿـﺎدي و از ﻧﻈـﺮ روش و ﻣﺎﻫﯿـﺖ، ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ. روش ﺟﻤﻊ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﺑﺮ داده ﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ اﺳﺘﻮار اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮔﻮﯾﺎي اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﻮش ﮐﻨﺪاك ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ، ﭘﻠﯿﮑﺎن و ﻧﺨﻞ ﻃﺒﺲ، ﻧﻘﻮش اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎن و ﮔﻞ و ﻣﺮغ ﯾﺰد ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻪ ﻓـﺮد اﺳـﺖ. ﻗﻠﻢ ﻫـﺎي ﻣـﺎدر، ﭼﺰﻗﻞ و ﺳﺎﯾﻪ در ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ، ﻗﻠﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺗﮏ، ﺟﻔﺖ و دﻟﻤﺎ در زﻧﺠﺎن، ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻗﻠﻢ، ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﻗﻠﻢ و ﺗﮏ در ﻃﺒﺲ و ﻗﻠﻢ رورو ﮐﺮﻣﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻮع در ﻃﺮح و ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. آﺑﮑﺎري ﺑﻪ روش اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺰ در ﯾﺰد ﻧﻤﻮد ﺑﺼﺮيِ زﯾﺒﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ داده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻮش ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻤـﺎد در ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺷﺪه، ﺑﺮﺧﯽ در ﺑﻮﺗﮥ ﻓﺮاﻣﻮﺷﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺗﻌﺪادي ﻫﻨﻮز ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﯽ ﮐﺸﻨﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
Although the art of engraving such as engraving on metal ware is one of the methods of creating patterns, but a systematic study of its technical and artistic features has not been undertaken. This art, like many other arts in the Qajar era, has declined but has continued to this day. Despite such decline, the passage of time has granted the art of metalworking special dynamism and meaning. Outstanding cities in art of engraving in contemporary Iran are Tabriz, Zanjan, Tabas, Kerman, and Yazd. This article aims to explain the technical and artistic features of engraving in these cities and to elaborate on the technical and artistic characteristics of art of engraving in these cities. This research is fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and nature. The method of data collection is library study as well as field study. The findings of this study indicate that the designs of Tabriz’s Kandak, Tabas’s pelicans and palms, Kerman’s simple designs, and Yazd’s flowers and chickens are unique. Mother steel rods, chisel, and shadow in Tabriz, single steel rod, pair, and delma in Zanjan, red rod, white rod, and single rod in Tabas and Roro rod in Kerman have been used for various users in design and motif.Electrolysis electroplating in Yazd has granted appealing appearance to the metal.Some of these motifs have turned into symbols in the aforementioned cities, while some others are going to be gradually forgotten. However, there are some others still practiced.
