كليدواژه :
كاشي ستاره اي شكل كاشان , مباني بصري , هنر ايراني , گشتالت
چكيده فارسي :
هنر كاشي گري د ر ايران سابقۀ كهن و اهميت والايي د ارد . توفيق هنرمند ان ايراني د ر ساخت انواع كاشي هاي تصويري، تابش چشمگيري به كاشي هاي ايراني بخشيد ه است. كاشي هاي زرين فام كاشان بخش ممتازي از اين گنجينۀ ارزشمند را تشكيل مي د هند . ذوق زمانه و مباني زيبايي شناسي رايج د ر اين آثار كه د ر مجموعه اي از نقش پرد ازي هاي گسترد ه و همراه با بذل توجهي ويژه به جزئيات نمايان گرد يد ه ، نشان گر وجود معيارهاي خاصي د ر تصويرگري اين كاشي ها است. آنچه د ر اين گفتار مورد بحث است، نشان د اد ن تد ابير بصري مورد استفاد ه د ر طراحي نقوش كاشي هاي ستاره اي شكل كاشان برطبق نظريۀ گشتالت مي باشد . د ر اين راستا اصلي ترين پرسش هاي اين پژوهش بد ين قرار است كه: مهم ترين اصول رايج د ر تصويرگري كاشي هاي ستاره اي شكل كاشان چه مي باشند ؟ و چه ويژگي هاي بصري را بر مبناي نظريه گشتالت د ر اين حيطه مي توان مورد توجه قرار د اد ؟ نتيجۀ اين پژوهش كه به شيوۀ توصيفي- تحليلي و با تكيه بر منابع كتابخانه اي تد وين شد ه ، نشان گر آن است كه: هنرمند ان براي د ستيابي به يك گشتالت خوب، اصولي هم چون: مجاورت، منظم بود ن، ساد گي، بسته بود ن و تد اوم عناصر بصري را مورد توجه قرار د اد ه اند كه اين موضوع نشان گر آگاهي هنرمند ان و نقش پرد ازان كاشي هاي ستاره اي شكل كاشان از ظرفيت هاي عناصر بصري براي ايجاد ساختاري منسجم و هماهنگ است.
چكيده لاتين :
Dating back to ancient times, tile-work is of great
significance in the art history of Iran. As a result of attaining
success in making different types, this craft has evolved
dramatically. Luster-glazed tiles of Kashan constitute a
major part of this precious treasure. A great deal of such
tiles offers magnificent display in terms of developing visual
elements and designs, and consequently has attracted art
dilettantes’ attention. Contemporary artistic taste, common
aesthetic principles, diversity of motifs and meticulous
attention to details are indicative of the basic, exceptional
criteria applied in such tiles’ designs. A representation of
visual elements used in the composition of Kashan starshaped
tiles on the basis of Gestalt theory is the primary
objective of the present essay. Gestalt theorists emphasize
that organisms perceive entire patterns or configurations,
not merely individual components. Gestalt principles,
proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and connection,
describe how humans perceive visuality in connection with
different objects and environments. These principles are
under a general law, called Prägnanz. The law says that we
tend to experience things as regular, orderly, symmetrical,
and simple. As theorists of this realm believe, it is of several
geometrically possible organizations that one will actually
occur which possesses the best, simplest and most stable
shape. Accordingly, the main questions to be answered in this
essay are as follows: What are the most important principles
in the formation of the designs and motifs in Kashan starshaped
tiles? What visual features would be considered
on the basis of Gestalt theory in this respect? The results
demonstrate that Iranian tile makers gave serious attention
to structures and beauty of motifs. Choosing a basic frame
is a significant factor in the arrangement of visual elements
of the composition. Such a frame provided artisans with
a limited polygonal composition to execute the designs
and motifs. To execute the desired designs, artists created
organized structures the commonest of which could be
categorized under radial, symmetrical, center-oriented and
active types. The way motifs arranged in the frames was in
order of importance. In most cases studied here, the designs
and their distinctions were done according to contours.
Incidentally, the main motif was placed in the center,
usually in bigger size in comparison to others. The way
other visual elements are designed to emphasize the main
motifs is another point to achieve balance and harmony,
best manifested in the Kashan star-shaped tiles. Generally,
with a view to evaluating the Gestalt laws in the mentioned
tiles, we may claim that achieving the desired quality and
composition in such works has been fulfilled with the
help of a series of factors, including proximity, similarity,
figure-ground, continuity, simplicity, and symmetry, all
contributing to lay emphasis on a certain motif. This fact is
indicative of the total mastery of designers and painters of
the artworks in developing the potentials of visual elements.
Putting all these factors together, we can claim that such
principles would play a pivotal role in the study and
evaluation of Kashan star-shaped tiles’ designs and themes.
